- Research
- Open Access
- Published:
Sexual risky behavior, cocaine and alcohol use among substance users in an outpatient facility: a cross section study
Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy volume 14, Article number: 46 (2019)
Abstract
Background
Substance dependence is considered an international health issue and studies that access the characteristic of this population are required to develop public health programs for harm reduction. To this aim, we purpose to to identify, in a population undergo addiction treatment, if the use of substances leads to sexual risky behavior and also check if another variables influences in this behavior.
Method
Observational study of clinical sample collected of adult patients seeking treatment to dependence of alcohol and cocaine. The data collected were: socio-demographic, substance use, sexual behavior and childhood abuse. Risky sexual behaviors were considered: inconsistent use of condoms and presence of multiple sexual partners in the past six months. An exploratory analysis of the association between the variable “risky sexual behavior” and the other variables was performed using Pearson’s chi-square, followed by a multivariate logistic regression analysis.
Results
After analyzing the variables with the presence or absence of risky sexual behavior, were included in the logistic regression the data that presented association with sexual risk behavior, and age appears as an independent factor for risky sexual behaviors. Other factors, such as schooling and unemployment, influence as much as the use of substances in risky sexual behaviors.
Conclusion
Attributing just to the substance use this risky sexual behavior seems too simplistic. Other structural factors such as schooling, work, age and sexual abuse in childhood can influence decision making for safe sex.
Background
The use of psychoactive substances in not something new, it has been present throughout the history of mankind [1]. When the user develops dependence, the use of drugs becomes extremely harmful because there is a strong compulsion for the substance, and there may be symptoms of tolerance and abstinence, abandon of other pleasures or interests and the continuance of the use even when the user is aware of its harmful effects [2]. Nowadays, substances dependence is considered an international public health issue which causes severe consequences to both user and society [3] and studies that access the characteristic of this population are required to develop public health programs for harm reduction. This is important to all countries that face drug related problem, but it is urgent among low and middle-income countries. This group of countries have scare funding and the investments must be evidence-based.
According to the III Household Survey on the Use of Psychotropic Drugs in Brazil, in 2017, in Brazil the use of alcohol at least once in a person’s lifetime is 66.4%. Among them, 3.5% meet criteria for dependence of alcohol. Regarding cocaine, inhaled or smoked, 3.1% of the interviewed subjects have used it at least once in their lives and 7.7% have used marijuana. In addition, 4.8% of the individuals use alcohol and another substance. The use of alcohol and illicit substances is higher among the male population and there are significant variations as to school background and age, depending on the drug that has been analyzed [4]. The association of more than one substance is a usual practice among drug users and the most common association use of cocaine with alcohol [5] which forms a chemical compound named cocaethylene, with more potent effects of intoxication and also more health damage [6].
The use of both legal and illegal drugs has several consequences with negative results for the individual’s social, personal and professional life, besides increasing health related expenses. One of the harmful results is the increase of unsafe sexual practices, mainly the practice of sex without condom resulting in a higher risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections [7, 8]. Moreover, some authors also mention prostitution as a way to support the use, a practice which may ultimately lead to unprotected sexual intercourse [9].
The exact modulating effect of the psychoactive substances on sexual practices has not been totally clarified yet. However, it has been suggested that the use of drugs may be considered an independent predictor of the unprotected sexual practice [10]. Furthermore, there is a relation between the drug effects and the sexual activity, such as libido increase, changes in body sensations, and decrease in social inhibitions. The decrease in reflexes and planned choices associated with the use of substances may lead to risky sexual intercourse [8, 9, 11].
Some authors suggest that several harmful behaviors may occur together, which increases risks to health [12, 13] and these risks are mediated by structural causes other than the use of psychoactive substances [14,15,16]. According to Jessor & Jessor’s behavioral issue theory, the involvement of a risky behavior increases the likelihood of other risky behaviors, leading to a cycle of activities potentially harmful to the individual’s physical and psychological integrity [17].
This research addresses the relation between the use of psychoactive substances and risky sexual behavior. In their first interview some patients who undergo dependence treatment describe risky sexual behavior. The current study intends to address the association between risky sexual behaviors – mainly the inconsistency in the use of condom in combination with the presence of multiple partners – and the use of alcohol and alcohol associated with cocaine, in an attempt to determine if the combined use of drugs produces an addictive effect over risky sexual behaviors. Also, we considered studying which social factors, together with substances use, interfere in the safe sexual practices in this sample.
Method
Study outline
The current research is an observational study of clinical sample, based on data collected from the standard electronic records used during the first interview conducted with patients who search for an Addiction Unit (PROAD, in the Portuguese acronym) for drugs dependence treatment.
Sample
The studied sample is one of convenience, comprehending all adult patients from both sexes who searched for PROAD (Addiction Unit of the Department of Psychiatric – Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP) for treatment of their substance dependence, from January 2008 to May 2016. Only those with moderate or severe dependence of alcohol or cocaine or both according to DSM-IV (diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders) were included. Although part of data collection was performed before the release of DSM-IV criteria of dependence, the records of the patients had enough information for us to stablish their diagnosis according to DSM-IV. The use of tobacco was not considered an exclusion criterion.
The following excluding criteria were consiered: (1) Records with unanswered sexual behavior questionnaire; (2) Patients who declared not having practiced sex in the last six months.
From the total amount of 711 patients records in the period, 318 files were of patients with exclusive use of alcohol and alcohol with inhaled or smoked cocaine were selected for this study, and the final sample comprised 245 individuals after checking the excluding criteria, which corresponds to 77% from the selected records.
Considering the outcome “sexual risky behavior” in the two groups (alcohol users and alcohol + cocaine users), the total simple size (N = 245), the proportion of the outcome in each group (10 and 20%), significance level of 5% and sampling ratio 2.5 (175/70), the sample power was 94%. Considering the association analysis between the outcome and other variables (alcohol and alcohol + cocaine groups and covariates), the sample size was close to N = 100 + 20i (i = 7, counting the numerical and dichotomous as variable 1 and the number of dummy variables (number of categories − 1) for categorical variables with more than two categories). The most recommended formula is N = 100 + 50i [18].
Data collecting procedure
The first procedure at the institution is patient screening, with only the patient and the screener where the individualized therapeutic planning is carried out. It is a standard structured interview, with the use of instruments following an order, conducted by doctors or nurses, which lasts nearly one hour.
The main instruments used at the first appointment and in the current study address socio-demographic characteristics, identification of sexual abuse in childhood, practices related to sexual behavior and identification of psychoactive substances used in the last year.
The patients undergo the treatment voluntarily and the collected data is confidential. The screener explains that neither answering the questions presented in the instruments nor undergoing treatment is mandatory and the patients are free to stop the interview at any moment they wish to do so. Since the institution is devoted to conducting study and research, at the first interview the patients are informed that their authorization concerning the use of the unidentifiable data may be requested, provided such data is useful for a specific clinical study. It is important to highlight that the treatment is in no way harmed by the patients’ refusal in any phase.
Variables
The variables of the present study were organized in three blocks: socio-demographics, substance use, and sexual behavior.
Socio-demographic data
The following socio-demographic data available at the screening were selected: age, sex, marital status, schooling and working.
Schooling was divided in a scalar non-dichotomized variable, the categories being “illiterate or up to 8 years of study”, “9 to 12 years of study” and “over 12 years of study”. Although unbalanced in number of years studied, this categorization was used due to data dispersion, so that no category had much more subjects than the others. As to working the results were categorized dichotomously with the possible answers being “yes” and “no” to the question whether the patient was practicing remunerated activity when the screening was conducted. Marital status was categorized as “single” and “married”; patients who identified themselves as widows/widowers and separated were included in the single category; the ones who lived with their partners out of wedlock were considered married.
Use of substances
The instruments include questions on use of substances and were developed at PROAD based on the questionnaire issued by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2008 to assess the use of drugs at primary care [19]. The questionnaire presents the possible answers “yes” or “no” to the use in the past year and the affirmative answer for more than one substance is possible. According to the use of substances in the past year, the users were classified in two groups: exclusive use of alcohol and use of alcohol with inhaled or smoked cocaine.
Sexual behavior and sexual abuse in childhood
The current study selected two questions to analyze sexual risk behavior: “how many people have you had sex in the last six months?” and “how frequent have you worn condom in the last six months during sexual intercourse?”, which led to the possible answers: “never”, “few times”, “most of the times” and “always”. Such answers were afterwards dichotomized as “inconsistent use” versus “consistent use”. Based on this two information a new variable was created to analyze the composite outcome, considering as risky sexual behavior in the past six months just the inconsistency in the use of condom and the sexual practice with more than one partner in the past six months.
Besides the above mentioned questions the following were included in the analyses: “have you ever had sex for money or drugs?”, “in the last six months have you had sex under the effect of alcohol or other drugs?” and “did you suffer any kind of sexual abuse in childhood?”
It is important to state that these questions were developed by the Addiction Unit facility and they do not comprise a validated instrument developed to make an in-depth analysis of risk sexual behaviors. All questions were self-reported. We believe that self-report was the best way to obtain these information, as sexual behavior and history of sexual abuse might be sensitive topics for most people and the presence of an interviewer could have led the subjects to not give the correct answers, in order to avoid judgments.
Data analysis
According to the aim, the study conducted the exploratory analysis of the association between the outcome variable “risky sexual behavior” and the group of substances users (alcohol exclusively and alcohol with inhaled or smoked cocaine) and the other variables, followed by a multivariate analysis.
A descriptive statistical analysis of the variables according to their nature, numeric or categoric, was carried on throughout the sample. The categoric variables were described by relative and absolute frequency, and the numeric variable “age” (in years) was described by central tendency measures (mean, medium) and variability (minimum, maximum, standard deviation, interquartile range) and tested in relation to adhesion to normal distribution by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.
The study on the association between risky sexual behavior and the group of users and the other categoric variables was conducted through the Pearson’s chi-square test (X2). In order to study the association between the numeric variable age and the outcome variable “risky sexual behavior” the Mann-Whitney U test was conducted, since “age” was not normally distributed between the two outcome categories.
The multivariate analysis was chosen as logistic regression analysis [20]. The selection of the variables to compose the logistic regression model was based on the results obtained by the exploratory analysis: the variables selected were those which presented descriptive level (p value) inferior to 0.20 during the association test. To ensure the absence of association between the independent variables, thus avoiding multicollinearity in the model, Cramer’s V test was conducted. The test was interpreted according to Pett [21]. No variable presented values superior to 0.50 to that coefficient (data not shown).
Once selected the explanatory variables, the univariate logistic analysis was conducted, presenting the Odds Ratio (OR) values, p value and confidence interval (CI 95%). Subsequently was carried on multivariate logistic regression, obtaining adjusted Odds Ratio (ORa), adjusted p value (p valuea) and adjusted confidence interval (CI 95%a).
The program SPSS 22.0 was used throughout the analysis in all the phases described above; the relevancy level of 5% was established for all the tests.
Ethical aspects
The study project was assessed and approved by Research Ethics Committee of ‘Universidade Federal de São Paulo’ (Protocol n. ° 0798/2016). The active patients included in the study received the information about it and signed the Informed Consent Form. Three attempts were made to contact by phone patients who were no longer undergoing treatment and they were informed of the present study and invited to sign the form if they wished to do so. Nevertheless, since it was necessary to work retroactively in revising patients’ registers the contact was not successful. In such cases the Ethical Committee authorized the use of data without the Informed Consent Form, but the researchers were compromised to keep privacy of the collected data remained. Considering the likely vulnerability of the patients and also their possible involvement in potential illegal activities, the data bank as well as the medical records consultation were made anonymous and secret.
Results
Among the 245 medical records included in this analysis, 235 (95.9%) were from men and 10 (4.1%) from women. The average age was 37.83 years (SD (Standard deviation): 11.17; Min: 18; Max: 74). Most of the sample subjects (40.0%) ranged between 9 and 12 years of study, 35.1% reported over 12 years of studying and 24.9% reported none or less than 8 years. As to marital status, 76.7% were married and 23.3% were single. 56.1% were working in the beginning of the treatment, while 43.9% did not practice any remunerated activity.
Besides the risky sexual behavior, present in 16.7% of the sample and absent in 83.3%, other questions addressing sexual behavior were included, 10.2% had sexual intercourse in exchange for money or drugs while 89.9% did not engage in such behavior. 71.4% have had sexual intercourse under the influence of alcohol or drugs in the last six months and 28.6% did not report such behavior. 13.9% reported having suffered sexual abuse in childhood and 81.6% denied it.
The presence of use of substances the year before identified that 52.2% use alcohol exclusively while 47.8% used alcohol with inhaled or smoked cocaine (Table 1).
Afterwards, an analysis of the categoric variables was conducted according to the presence or absence of risky sexual behavior. The average age among those who presented risky sexual behavior was 33.76 (SD: 10.42; Min: 20; Max: 64), and among those who did not present risky sexual behavior the average age was 38.65 (SD: 11.16; Min: 18; Max: 74) (p = 0,008). 16.2% of men and 30% of women reported having practiced risky sexual behavior (p = 0,251). Among the patients who presented risky sexual behavior 14.8% completed less than 8 years of study, 22.4% ranged between 9 and 12 years of study, and 11.6% completed more than 12 years of study (p = 0,130). As to working, among those who engaged in risky sexual behavior 13.1% were employed and 21.5% were unemployed (p = 0,083). Among married subjects 16.5% reported having risky sexual behavior and among the single subjects 17.5% admitted having risky sexual behavior (p = 0,852).
The risky sexual behavior is present in 13.3% of subjects who used alcohol exclusively and in 20.5% of those who used alcohol with inhaled or smoked cocaine. On the other hand, the same behavior is absent in 87.7% of subjects who used alcohol exclusively and in 79.5% of those who used alcohol with inhaled or smoked cocaine (p = 0,130).
About the question “have you ever had sex for money or drugs?”, 24% of the subjects who showed risky sexual behavior answered “yes”, while 15.9% answered “no” (p = 0,304). When asked “have you had sex under the effect of alcohol or drugs in the last six months?” 19.4% of those subjects who had sex under the influence of substances had risky sexual behavior, while the same practice is present in 10% of those who did not have sex under the influence of substances (p = 0,074). Among those subjects who suffered sexual abuse in childhood 26.5% presented risky sexual behavior and among those who denied having suffered sexual abuse in childhood 15.2% presented risky sexual behavior (p = 0,101) (Table 1).
The following independent variables were considered in the multiple logistic regression: age, schooling, unemployment, use of cocaine with alcohol, practice of sex under the effect of substances in the last six months, and history of sexual abuse in childhood. The results showed that age is an independent factor associated with risky sexual behavior, each year added to the subjects’ age progressively decreases the risk for such behavior. The group of subjects who completed more than 12 years of study also presented less probability of engaging in risky sexual behavior. The other variables did not show statistically significant association with the risky sexual behavior (Table 2).
Discussion
As for sex, women comprised only 4.1% of our sample. A multicentric Brazilian study found that the percentages of women seeking for treatment varies from 11.3 to 19.3%, being higher at facilities with a specific program for women [22]. There are some possible explanations for this phenomenon. According to the III Household Survey on the use of psychotropic drugs in Brazil, there is a smaller number of women dependent on substances when compared to the male population, which might explain the smaller number of women seeking treatment for dependence [4]. Besides that, some studies suggest there may be other factors related to such difference. When we analyze the socio-cultural context we find out that the use of psychoactive substances by men is more tolerated than the use by women and the stigma caused by dependence may be a protective factor for women [23]. Furthermore, studies suggest women take longer to seek treatment, doing it when they find themselves in a more advanced level of dependence [24]. Some studies reveal that women are more likely to abide to moral and social laws, explaining a higher tendency to become dependent on prescribed substances [4, 23, 25].
The current study consistently shows the “age” associated to risky sexual behavior in substances users. However, the influence of age over the adult population is little discussed in the literature. Most of the studies on risky sexual behavior are conducted among adolescents, considering the exposure to risks intrinsic at the youngsters [26].
According to the result found by the multivariate analysis the variables “unemployed”, “having sex under the effect in the last six months”, “history of sexual abuse in childhood” and the use of alcohol with cocaine do not represent statistically significant factors. Nonetheless, this negative result may be due to the limited size of the available sample comprehending subjects engaged in risky sexual behavior (16.7%). Future studies may find associations in a larger sample.
The tendency to engage in risky sexual behavior is higher when the individual is unemployed. This datum, however, is little explored in the literature. We have not observed a statistically significant association between low educational levels and risky sexual behavior.
Both variables (unemployment and low educational level) are likely to be part of the same scope of causes leading to higher risks globally, including use of substances and inconsistent use of condom [17, 27, 28]. The use of illegal substances may be directed associated with low educational levels [29] and studies report that higher social-economic status, higher educational levels and employment lead to a higher use of condom [30, 31]. Structural factors, such as economic and social factors create and recreate risks; thus, the identification of possible psychosocial vulnerability profiles is mandatory for planning the care of the population with lower educational levels and less formal job opportunities [32, 33].
We found no association between history of sexual abuse in childhood and risky sexual behavior. There are some studies on association of sexual abuse during childhood with multiple disorders in adulthood, such as use of tobacco and alcohol, HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), STI (sexually transmitted infections), prostitution and eating disorders [34]. Considering that traumatic events in childhood seems to be related to a higher risk of developing substances dependence, psychiatric diseases and anti-social behavior in adulthood, risky sexual behavior seems to be another harmful consequence that sexual abuse may have [35]. In Brazil, a recent study with a sample of adults under treatment for substance use disorders found that 31.3% of them had a history of sexual abuse. The authors were able to conclude that being a victim of sexual abuse during childhood is a predictor of sexual risk behavior in adulthood [36].
Sexual intercourse under the influence of substances is related in the literature to risky sexual behavior and also choosing multiple partners and possible inconsistence in the use of condom [7, 10, 37]. Although this practice was not assessed as main outcome, it showed tendendy to association and a further study on this risky behavior would be necessary to consistently corroborate such association.
Some authors suggest the use of crack and cocaine would be an independent predictive factor of unprotected sex [7] and that, no matter the drug chosen, the use of any substance would be the main variable associated to the risk of contracting an STI [9], but such direct association was not clearly verified on the current study where we analyzed the profile of patients dependent on substances. The use of inhaled or smoked cocaine together with alcohol did not show statistically relevant worsening of the exposure to sexual risk; both groups presented similar probabilities; therefore, it cannot be considered an independent risk factor. One study revealed the association between the use of substances (except marijuana) with a larger number of partners, being the stronger association with use of cocaine. However, alcohol was the drug most related to the inconsistent use of condom [16].
Another researcher showed that the number of psychoactive substances used and the use of drugs during sexual intercourse did not alter the frequency in the use of condom, though there was an increase in the number of sexual partners [38]. Another study suggests alcohol as responsible for a higher risk of unplanned sex, but not for presence of multiple partners nor inconsistent use of condom [39]. Most of the current studies do not assess the inconsistent use of condom as related to the presence of multiple partners which may account for the significant difference in results obtained by several researches. It is important to highlight that most of the studies, including this one, did not take into consideration the standard use of the psychoactive substance nor the places where the substance is used, which may influence in the decision to have sex [40].
One of the strongest points of the research is the sample homogeneity obtained by data collection standards, since the patients came from the same addiction unit and went through the same screening protocol. Notwithstanding, there are limitations. The sample were selected by convenience, collected from records of patients spontaneously seeking for treatment in an outgoing addiction unit and the results may not be reliable to all dependent population in Brazil. Another limitation was the small proportion of women included. This made it impossible to find sex differences on the studied behaviors, which explains why this variable was not included in the regression model. This information is important, as some behaviors may be strongly influenced by cultural aspects of being a woman, such as negotiating condom use [41]. In addition to that, there were many statistical tests done with no adjustments for the number of tests. Thus, the chance for a Type I error might have been inflated. Finally, the object of this study is of personal and potential illegal nature and may have led to subnotification by biased information especially because it refers to the initial interview [42].
Like other studies addressing the association of the use of substances and risky sexual behavior, we verified that establishing a direct association of these factors seems to be a very simplistic way to discuss such complex human behaviors, mediated by several factors and present in different social and individual contexts. Some authors suggest there are personality traits which would affect both risks [43]. Besides, this is a transversal study and such affirmation may create reverse causality bias since this outline does not enables us to maintain that the use of substance precedes the risky sexual behavior. A study that tried to correct this bias by analyzing adolescents’ diaries shows that neither the use of substances nor the changing of partners alters the habit of condom’s use among this population. The study found a higher use of condom when there is sexual intercourse with a stable partner even under the influence of substances [42].
Conclusion
Considering that both factors studied among the drug dependent population - the use of condom and multiple sexual partners – determine a possible HIV and STI transmission, it is safe to say the population above mentioned runs a high risk of contracting infections related to sexual practice. Yet, the results indicate that factors such as age, work status, schooling and history of sexual abuse, impact the risks those individuals are exposed to and it is controversial and difficult to prove that risky sexual behaviors are caused solely by the effect of use of substances. Addiction units should address sexual risk behaviors and, likewise, STI treatment units should provide counseling on the use of substances.
Availability of data and materials
The data will not be shared, considering the likely vulnerability of the patients and also their possible involvement in potential illegal activities, the data bank as well as the medical records consultation were made anonymous and secret, due solicitation of the Ethical Committee.
Abbreviations
- CI 95%:
-
Confidence interval
- DSM-IV:
-
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Fourth Edition-TR
- HIV:
-
Human Immunodeficiency virus
- OR:
-
Odds Ratio
- SD:
-
Standard Deviation
- STI:
-
Sexually Transmitted Infections
- WHO:
-
World Health Organization
References
- 1.
Diehl A, Cordeiro DC, Laranjeira R. Depedência química: prevenção, tratamento e políticas públicas. Porto Alegre: Artmed; 2011.
- 2.
American Psychiatric Association. The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition-TR. Washington: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.
- 3.
Silveira DX, Moreira FG. Panorama atual de drogas e dependências, first ed. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2006.
- 4.
Bastos FIPM, Vasconcellos MTL, Bone RB, Reis NB, Coutinho CFS. III National Survey on Drug use by the Brazilian Population. Brasília: Secretaria Nacional Antidrogas (National Anti-Drug Secretariat); 2017.
- 5.
Noto AR, Galduróz JC, Nappo SA, Carlini EA. National survey on drug use among street children and adolescents in the 27 Brazilian capitals, 2003. Brasília: Secretaria Nacional Antidrogas (National Anti-Drug Secretariat); 2004.
- 6.
Andrews P. Cocaethylene toxicity. J Addict Dis. 1997;16:75–84. https://doi.org/10.1300/J069v16n03_08.
- 7.
Bastos FI, Cunha CB, Bertoni N. Use of psychoactive substances and contraceptive methods by the Brazilian urban population, 2005. Rev Saúde Pública. 2008;42:118–26. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102008000800014.
- 8.
Bertoni N, Bastos FI, Mello MB, Makuch MY, Sousa MH, Osis MJ, Faúndes A. Alcohol and illicit drug use and its influence on the sexual behavior of teenagers from Minas Gerais state. Brazil Cad S Pública. 2009;25:1350–60. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2009000600017.
- 9.
Machado NG, Moura ERF, Conceição MAV, Guedes TG. Drug use and sexual health among adolescents. Rev enferm UERJ. 2010;18:284–90.
- 10.
Pechansky F, Von Diemen L, Genro V. Presence of risk situations for HIV transmission. Rev Psiq Clín. 2001;28:157–9. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2004000600024.
- 11.
Patton R, Keaney F, Brady M. Drugs, alcohol and sexual health: opportunities to influence risk behavior. BMC Res Notes. 2008;1:27. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-1-27.
- 12.
Cotrim BC, Gazal-Carvalho C, Gouveia N. Health behavior among students of public and private schools in São Paulo. Brazil Rev Saúde Pública. 2000;34:636–45. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102000000600012.
- 13.
Jackson C, Sweeting H, Haw S. Clustering of substance use and sexual risk behavior in adolescence: analysis of two cohort studies. BMJ Open. 2012;2:e000661. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000661.
- 14.
Celentano DD, Valleroy LA, Sifakis F, MacKellar DA, Hylton J, Thiede H, McFarland W, et al. Associations between substance use and sexual risk among very young men who have sex with men. Sex Trans Dis. 2006;33:265–71. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.olq.0000187207.10992.4e.
- 15.
Codes JS, Cohen DA, Melo NA, Teixeira GG, Leal AS, Silva TJ, Oliveira MPR. Screening of sexually transmitted diseases in clinical and non-clinical settings in Salvador, Bahia. Brazil Cad Saúde Pública. 2006;22:325–34. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2006000200010.
- 16.
Marshall BDL, Kerr T, Shoveller JA, Montaner JSG, Wood E. Structural factors associated with an increased risk of HIV and sexually transmitted infection transmission among street-involved youth. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-7.
- 17.
Jessor R, Jessor SL. Problem behavior and psychosocial development: a longitudinal study of youth. New York: Academic Press; 1977.
- 18.
Bujang MA, Sa’at N, Sidik TMITAB, Joo LC. Sample size guidelines for logistic regression from observational studies with large population: emphasis on the accuracy between statistics and parameters based on real life clinical data. Malays J Med Sci. 2018;25(4):122–30. https://doi.org/10.21315/mjms2018.25.4.12.
- 19.
World Health Organization (WHO). Integrating mental health into primary health care: a global perspective. Geneva: WHO; 2008.
- 20.
Agresti A. An introduction to categorical data analysis, second ed. New York: Wiley-Interscience; 2007.
- 21.
Pett MA. Non-parametric statistics for health care research: statistics for small samples and unusual distribution, second ed. Utah: Sage Publications; 2016.
- 22.
Faller S, Peuker AC, Sordi A, Stolf A, Souza-Formigoni ML, Cruz MS, Brasiliano S, et al. Who seeks public treatment for substance abuse in Brazil? Results of a multicenter study involving four Brazilian state capitals. Trends Psychiatry Psychother. 36:193–202. https://doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2014-0040.
- 23.
Becker JB, McClellan ML, Reed BG. Sociocultural context for sex differences in addiction. Addict Biol. 2016;21:1052–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.12383.
- 24.
Elbreder MF, Laranjeira R, Siqueira MM, Barbosa DA. Profile of female alcohol users in specialized outpatient clinic. J Bras Psiquiatr. 2008;1(57):9–15. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0047-20852008000100003.
- 25.
Becker JB, McClellan ML, Reed BG. Sex differences, gender and addiction. J Neurosci Res. 2017;95:136–47. https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.23963.
- 26.
Giedd JN, Blumenthal J, Jeffries NO, Castellanos FX, Liu H, Zijdenbos A, Paus T, et al. Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study. Nat Rev Neurosci. 1999;2:861–3. https://doi.org/10.1038/13158.
- 27.
Turner AK, Latkin C, Sonenstein F, Tandon SD. Psychiatric disorder symptoms, substance use, and sexual risk behavior among African-American out of school youth. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2011;115:67–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.10.012.
- 28.
Chitas V, Negreiros J, Barreira T. Drug use, sexual risk behaviors and anti-social behaviors in youth: association patterns. Psychologica. 2014;27(2):73–93. https://doi.org/10.14195/1647-8606_57-2_4.
- 29.
Cruzeiro ALS, Souza LDM, Silva RA, Pinheiro RT, Rocha CLA, Horta BL. Sexual risk behavior: factors associated to the number of sexual partners and condom use in adolescents. Ciência e Saúde Coletiva. 2010;15:1149–58. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232010000700023.
- 30.
Hoyos RC, Sierra AV. Socioeconomic strata as a predictor factor for consistent condom use among adolescents. Rev Saúde Pública. 2001;35:531–8. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102001000600006.
- 31.
Prata N, Vahidnia F, Fraser A. Gender and relationship differences in condom use among 15–24-year-olds in Angola. Intern Family Plan Perspec. 2005;4:192–9. https://doi.org/10.1363/ifpp.31.192.05.
- 32.
Rhodes T. The 'risk environment': a framework for understanding and reducing drug-related harm. Int J Drug Policy. 2002;13:85–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-3959(02)00007-5.
- 33.
Pereira TG, Araújo LF, Negreiros F, Neto RNSB. Analysis of sexual risk behavior for HIV infection in adults in the general population. Psico. 2016;47:249–58. https://doi.org/10.15448/1980-8623.2016.4.23703.
- 34.
Santaularia J, Johnson M, Hart L, Kaskett L, Welsh E, Faseru B. Relationships between sexual violence and chronic disease: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:1286. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-1286.
- 35.
Schilling EA, Aseltine RH Jr, Gore S. Adverse childhood experiences and mental health in young adults: a longitudinal survey. BMC Public Health. 2007;7:30. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-7-30.
- 36.
Diehl A, Clemente J, Pillon SC, Santana PRH, da Silva CJ, Mari JJ. Early childhood maltreatment experience and later sexual behavior in Brazilian adults undergoing treatment for substance dependence. Braz J Psychiatry. 2019;41(3):199–207. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2017-0020.
- 37.
Lowry R, Holtzman D, Truman BI, Kann L, Collins JL, Kolbe LJ. Substance use and HIV-related sexual behaviors among US high school students: are they related? Amer J Pub Health. 1994;84:1116–20.
- 38.
Santelli JS, Robin L, Brener ND, Lowry R. Timing of alcohol and other drug use and sexual risk behaviors among unmarried adolescents and young adults. Family Plann Perspect. 2001;33:200–5. https://doi.org/10.1363/3320001.
- 39.
Poulin C, Graham L. The association between substance use, unplanned sexual intercourse and other sexual behaviors among adolescent students. Addiction. 2001;96:607–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/09652140020031656.
- 40.
Purcell DW, Moss S, Remien RH, Woods WJ, Parsons JT. Illicit substance use, sexual risk, and HIV-positive gay and bisexual men: differences by serostatus of casual partners. AIDS. 2005;19:S37–47. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000167350.00503.db.
- 41.
Teye-Kwadjo E, Kagee A, Swart H. Condom use negotiation among high school adolescents in Ghana: the role of gender. South Afr J Psychol. 2018;48(4):465–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/0081246317730.
- 42.
Fortenberry JD, Orr DP, Katz BP, Brizendine EJ, Blythe MJ. Sex under the influence: a diary self-report study of substance use and sexual behavior among adolescent women. Sex Transm Dis. 1997;24:313–9.
- 43.
Weiser SD, Leiter K, Heisler M, McFarland W, Korte FP, DeMonner SM, Tlou S, et al. A population-based study on alcohol and high-risk sexual behaviors in Botswana. Plos Med. 2006;10:1940–8. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030392.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
There was no funding for this analysis.
Author information
Affiliations
Contributions
CCD conceptualized the study, analyzed data and was the main contributor in writing the manuscript. ECB collected data and assisted with manuscript preparation. KCNA analyzed data and helped draft the manuscript. TMF participated in the conceptualization of the study, analyzed data and wrote the manuscript. DXS provided methodological guidance and was a major contributor in writing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study project was assessed and approved by Research Ethics Committee of ‘Universidade Federal de São Paulo’ (Protocol n. ° 0798/2016). The active patients included in the study received the information about it and signed the Informed Consent Form. Three attempts were made to contact by phone patients who were no longer undergoing treatment and they were informed of the present study and invited to sign the form if they wished to do so. Nevertheless, since it was necessary to work retroactively in revising patients’ registers the contact was not successful. In such cases the Ethical Committee authorized the use of data without the Informed Consent Form, but the researchers were compromised to keep privacy of the collected data remained.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
About this article
Cite this article
Dallelucci, C.C., Bragiato, E.C., Areco, K.C.N. et al. Sexual risky behavior, cocaine and alcohol use among substance users in an outpatient facility: a cross section study. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 14, 46 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-019-0238-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Keywords
- Alcohol abuse
- Cocaine abuse
- Sexual behavior
- Condom
- Risk behavior
