Table 2 Univariate odds ratios of the pairwise comparisons of the three groups of recovery identity

Demographics

Gender

Male

1.00 [Reference]

1.00 [Reference]

1.00 [Reference]

Female

1.11 [0.85, 1.44]

0.62 [0.43, 0.88]**

1.80 [1.30, 2.49]**

Age

18–24 (emerging adulthood)

0.34 [0.19, 0.62]**

0.87 [0.40, 1.90]

0.40 [0.19, 0.81]*

25–49 (young adults)

0.54 [0.34, 0.87]*

1.09 [0.57, 2.10]

0.50 [0.28, 0.88]*

50–64 (mid-life stage adults)

0.89 [0.52, 1.52]

1.32 [0.63, 2.76]

0.67 [0.36, 1.26]

65+ (older adults)

1.00 [Reference]

1.00 [Reference]

1.00 [Reference]

Ethnicity

White

1.00 [Reference]

1.00 [Reference]

1.00 [Reference]

Ethnic Minority

1.74 [1.08, 2.81]*

1.74 [1.08, 2.81]*

1.00 [0.63, 1.60]

Substance use

Time since problem resolution (in years)

0–5 years

0.77 [0.50, 1.16]

0.70 [0.46, 1.30]

0.99 [0.64, 1.55]

5–15 years

0.77 [0.49, 1.19]

0.92 [0.53, 1.59]

0.83 [0.52, 1.32]

15 + years

1.00 [Reference]

1.00 [Reference]

1.00 [Reference]

Number of substances ever identified as a problem

1 substance

0.67 [0.46, 0.97]*

0.56 [0.35, 0.89]*

1.20 [0.81, 1.76]

2 substances

0.59 [0.38. 0.93]*

0.72 [0.42, 1.23]

0.83 [0.52, 1.31]

3 + substances

1.00 [Reference]

1.00 [Reference]

1.00 [Reference]

Age of onset of first substance

< 15 years of age

1.00 [Reference]

1.00 [Reference]

1.00 [Reference]

≥ 15 years of age

0.98 [0.76, 1.26]

0.85 [0.62, 1.17]

0.87 [0.65, 1.16]

Age of onset of problem substance

< 15 years of age

1.00 [Reference]

1.00 [Reference]

1.00 [Reference]

≥ 15 years of age

0.99 [0.77, 1.28]

0.99 [0.77, 1.28]

0.99 [0.74, 1.33]

Primary substance

Alcohol

1.00 [Reference]

1.00 [Reference]

1.00 [Reference]

Cannabis

0.59 [0.43, 0.81]**

1.12 [0.76, 1.64]

0.53 [0.37, 0.77]**

Cocaine

0.53 [0.32, 0.87]*

0.37 [0.16, 0.82]*

1.44 [0.65, 3.20]

Opiates (heroin, other opiates)

1.28 [0.74, 2.23]

1.19 [0.58, 2.44]

1.10 [0.58, 1.99]

Amphetamine

0.67 [0.34, 1.30]

1.80 [0.89, 3.65]

0.37 [0.19, 0.71]**

Other (benzodiazepines, hallucinogens, new psychoactive substances)

1.20 [0.66, 2.18]

1.09 [0.50, 2.39]

1.10 [0.56, 2.17]

Current substance use

Abstinent from all drugs/alcohol

2.37 [1.81, 3.10]**

0.94 [0.66, 1.35]

2.52 [1.83, 3.46]**

Abstinent from problematic substance only

2.10 [1.61, 2.69]**

0.84 [0.60, 1.18]

2.47 [1.82, 3.35]**

Mental health (lifetime mental health disorder diagnoses)

Alcohol or substance use disorder (vs. not)

4.46 [3.04, 6.50]**

2.29 [1.44, 3.64]**

1.95 [1.37, 2.78]**

Mood disorder (vs. not)

1.66 [1.20, 2.28]**

1.94 [1.32, 2.86]**

0.85 [0.62, 1.18]

Anxiety disorder (vs. not)

1.74 [1.32, 2.28]**

1.75 [1.25, 2.45]**

1.00 [0.74, 1.34]

PTSD (vs. not)

2.25 [1.45, 3.50]**

1.54 [0.88, 2.69]

1.46 [0.93, 2.30]

Other mental health disorder (vs. not)

1.00 [0.68, 1.47]

0.90 [0.54, 1.48]

1.11 [0.70, 1.77]

Never been diagnosed (vs. any diagnosis)

0.50 [0.38, 0.66]**

0.59 [0.41, 0.84]**

0.85 [0.60, 1.19]

Record of arrest

Never been arrested

1.00 [Reference]

1.00 [Reference]

1.00 [Reference]

Yes – not in the last year

1.12 [0.86, 1.45]

1.12 [0.80, 1.56]

1.00 [0.74, 1.35]

Yes – in the last year

6.16 [2.11, 18.01]**

1.48 [0.34, 6.42]

4.18 [1.38, 12.63]*

Use of recovery support

Used formal treatment (vs. not)

3.63 [2.67, 4.94]**

2.82 [1.92, 4.13]**

1.03 [0.77, 1.38]

Used recovery support services (vs. not)

6.72 [4.30, 10.51]**

4.55 [2.73, 7.58]**

1.48 [1.06, 2.06]*

Used mutual-help groups (vs. not

3.16 [2.35, 4.25]**

2.81 [1.87, 4.24]**

1.21 [0.90, 1.63]

Quality of life Indices

Recovery Capital

1.35 [1.16, 1.57]**

1.07 [0.90, 1.29]

1.24 [1.05, 1.46]*

Quality of life (8 items)

0.99 [0.97, 1.01]

0.98 [0.95, 1.00]*

0.99 [0.97, 1.01]

Happiness (1 item, 1–5 scale)

1.03 [0.92, 1.16]

0.96 [0.83, 1.11]

0.93 [0.82, 1.06]

Self-esteem (1 item, 1–5 scale)

0.96 [0.86, 1.06]

0.94 [0.83, 1.07]

0.99 [0.88, 1.11]

Psychological distress (Kessler 6)

1.01 [0.99, 1.03]

1.02 [0.99, 1.05]

1.01 [0.99, 1.04]