Consideration of vaping products as an alternative to adult smoking: a narrative review

Foster, Jane A.

doi:10.1186/s13011-023-00571-w

Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy

Table 1 Research studies cited^a

From: Consideration of vaping products as an alternative to adult smoking: a narrative review

Year	Design	Main Findings	Reference
2014	Aerosol Chemistry	Reduced levels of HPHCs in aerosol from e-cigarette compared to cigarette smoke	[5]
2016	Aerosol Chemistry	Reduced levels of HPHCs in aerosol from e-cigarette compared to cigarette smoke	[6]
2020	Aerosol Chemistry	Reduced levels of HPHCs in aerosol from e-cigarette compared to cigarette smoke	[7]
2021	Aerosol Chemistry	Reduced levels of HPHCs in aerosol from e-cigarette compared to cigarette smoke	[8, 9]
2021	In vitro toxicology	No significant or low cytotoxicity of e-cigarette aerosol on human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cell line	[9]
2018	Aerosol Chemistry	Low levels of aromatic amines, volatile organic compounds, polycycli aromatic hydrocarbon benzo[a]pyrene in e-liquid and aerosol	[10]
2020	Aerosol Chemistry	Emission levels for most HPHCs were not detectable in 34 commercially available e-cigarettes. Carbonyls including formaldehyde were detected but variable across devices	[11]
2014	In vitro toxicology	No cytotoxicity following exposure to e-cigarette aqueous extracts in human lung epithelial carcinma cells A549. No mutagenic effects in Ames test. No mutagenic effects in micronuclease assay using chinese hamster ovary cells CHO-K1	[12]
2020	In vitro toxicology	No mutagenic effect in Ames test and no genotoxicity in in vitro micronuclease assay following exposure to e-liquids and aerosols. Reduced cytotoxicity of e-cigarette aerosol compared to tobacco smoke	[13]
2016	In vitro toxicology	Reduced cytotoxicity in human lung epithelial cells following exposure to e-cigarette aerosol compared to tobacco smoke	[14]
2017	In vitro toxicology	Compared several e-cigarettes for cytotoxicity and detected both cytotoxic and non-cytotoxic effects	[15]
2016	Cellular and Molecular Changes	No impact of exposure to e-cigarette aerosol on endothelial cell migration compared to cigarette smoke	[16]
2017	Cellular and Molecular Changes	No oxidative stress in human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to e-cigarette aersol extracts	[17]
2016	Cellular and Molecular Changes	No activation of oxidative stress pathways in human coronary artery endothelial cells in response to e-cigarette aerosol compared to cigarette smoke	[18]
2019	Cellular and Molecular Changes	No tissue damage to buccal and small airway cultures, and no impact on cilia beat in small airway cultures following exposure to e-cigarette aerosol. Increased expression of inflammatory genes in buccal cells exposed to e-cigarette aerosols	[19]
2019	Cellular and Molecular Changes	Reduced levels of oxidative stress from exposure to e-cigarette aerosol compared to tobacco smoke on human bronchial epithelial cells. Increased expression of inflammatory mediators	[20]
2019	Cellular and Molecular Changes	No effect of e-cigarette aerosol on airway epithelial morphology or barrier viability. No difference in immune activation between air exposure and e-cigarettee aerosol exposure	[21]
2021	Cellular and Molecular Changes	Biological impact of exposure to e-cigarette reduced in comparison to cigarette smoke including histology, cytotoxicity, cellular function, and gene expression	[22]
2017	Cellular and Molecular Changes	Reduced impact of exposure to e-cigarettes on gene expression compared to cigarette smoke	[23]
2020	Cellular and Molecular Changes	Similar effect of e-cigarette aerosol and cigarette smoke on barrier integrity of airway epithelial cells. No imact on cilia beat frequency in response to exposure to e-cigarette aerosol	[24]
2016	Cellular and Molecular Changes	Differential changes in gene expression in response to exposure to e-cigarette aerosol compared to cigarette smoke. Alterations in glycerophospholipid biosynthesis noted in response to e-cigarette aerosol exposure	[25]
2017	Cellular and Molecular Changes	Reduced cellular and gene expression effects in human bronchial epithelial cells following exposure to e-cigarette aerosol compared to cigarette smoke	[26]
2020	Cellular and Molecular Changes	Increased salivary inflammatory mediator levels in e-cigarette users compared to non-users	[27]
2017	Cellular and Molecular Changes	Reduced bronchial epithelial function in response to exposure to both cigarette smoke and e-cigarette aerosols	[28]
2020	Cellular and Molecular Changes	Impaired in vivo (rats) endothelial function in response to exposure to e-cigarette aerosol	[29]
2016	Cellular and Molecular Changes	Reduced toxic effects of acute e-cigarette aerosol exposure in C57Bl/6 J mice compared to cigarette smoke	[30]
2021	Cellular and Molecular Changes	Increased levels of fibronectin as a measure of tissue injury in B6C3F1 following exposure to e-cigarette aerosol compared to cigarette smoke	[31]
2020	Cellular and Molecular Changes	Exposure to e-cigarette aerosol did not change ceramide profiles or related enzymes in ApoE-/- mice	[32]
2020	Cellular and Molecular Changes	Long term (6 month) exposure to e-cigarette aerosol did not compromise bone integrity in ApoE-/- mice	[33]
2021	Cellular and Molecular Changes	Reduction effect of exposure to e-cigarette aerosol on lung function and gene expression in ApoE-/- mice compared to cigarette smoke	[34]
2020	Cellular and Molecular Changes	Reduced biological response to exposure to e-cigarette aerosol in ApoE-/- mice compared to cigarette smoke	[35]
2020	Cellular and Molecular Changes	Similar effect of e-cigarette aerosol and cigarette smoke on oxidative stress and inflammation related to fibrosis	[36]
2020	Cellular and Molecular Changes	Comparable changes in gene expression in Balb/C mice following exposure to e-cigarette aerosol or cigarette smoke	[37]
2021	Cellular and Molecular Changes	Activation of nicotine-related gene expression in brains of mice exposed to e-cigarette aerosol	[38]
2015	Biomarkers of Exposure	Reduced levels of carbon monoxide, nicotine, and acrolein in urine from individuals after switching to e-cigarettes from combustible cigarettes	[39]
2017	Biomarkers of Exposure	Reduced levels of biomarkers of exposure in urine samples from individuals after switching to e-cigarettes from combustible cigarettes	[40]
2018	Biomarkers of Exposure	Nicotine-related in saliva were comparable between e-cigarette users and cigarette users. Urine levels of nicotine were not detectable in e-cigarette users	[41]
2021	Biomarkers of Exposure	No metal detected in the hair samples of e-cigarette users	[42]
2021	Biomarkers of Exposure	Significant reduction in levels of biomarkers of exposure in cigarette users who switched to e-cigarettes. Also reduced in dual users	[43]
2017	Biomarkers of Exposure	Reduced blood and urine levels of toxicants in individuals that switch from combustible cigarettes to e-cigarettes	[44]
2021	Biomarkers of Exposure	Reduced urine levels of NNAL in individuals who switched from combustible cigarettes to e-cigarettes. Also reduced in dual users	[45]

HPHC harmful or potentially harmful chemicals, ApoE apolipoprotein E-deficient
^areviews cited are not included in this table

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ISSN: 1747-597X

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