Table 4 Characteristics of participants in included studies
No | Study | Samplea | No. of OAT Clients in Sample | Opioid Medication(s) Used | Ageb | Sex | Race and Ethnicitye |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | Abidogun et al., 2023 [69] | 28 clients from a community-based opioid treatment program serving a low-income population in Baltimore, Maryland | 28 | Methadone | 50 (10) | Female: 43% Male: 57% | White: 39% Black/African American: 57% American Indian: 4% |
S2 | Aldabergenov et al., 2022 [70] | 529 deceased adults prescribed and not prescribed OAT treatment for opioid use disorder in England | NR | Buprenorphine, methadone | NR | Female: NR Male: NR | NR |
S3 | Amram et al., 2021 [71] | 183 MOUD clients at an opioid treatment program in Spokane County, Washington | 183 | Methadone | 41 (median), 32–51 (IQR) | Female: 58% Male: 42% | Non-Hispanic White: 73% Other: 18% |
S4 | Bart et al., 2022 [72] | 613 clients at the Hennepin Healthcare Addiction Medicine opioid treatment program in Minnesota | 613 | Methadone | 49 (14) | Female: 49% Male: NR | Caucasian: 46% Black: 23% American Indian: 15% Asian: 9% Latinx: < 1% |
S5 | Conway et al., 2023 [73] | 40 OAT clients and 28 OAT providers in Australia | 40 | Buprenorphine, methadone | NR | NR | NR |
S6 | Corace et al., 2022 [74] | 402 OAT clients prescribed OAT and 100 OAT prescribers in Ontario.d | 402 | Buprenorphine, methadone, slow-release oral morphine | 18–59 (range) | Female: 44% Male: 54% Trans and/or GE: 2% | White– European or North American: 78% Black – African, Caribbean, or North American: 11% First Nations, Inuit, or Metis: 7% Asian – East or South East: 2% Latin American: 1% Mixed heritage: < 1% Prefer not to respond: < 1% |
S7 | Cunningham et al., 2022 [75] | 107 people referred for buprenorphine treatment at Montefiore Buprenorphine Treatment Network in the Bronx (NY, USA) | 81 | Buprenorphine | 46 (14) | Female: 33% Male: NR | Hispanic: 52% Non-Hispanic Black: 20% Non-Hispanic White: 18% Non-Hispanic other or unknown: 10% |
S8 | Ezie et al., 2022 [76] | 129 clients at a methadone maintenance treatment program in New York | 129 | Methadone | 66 (median), 32–79 (range) | Female: 1% Male: 99% | Non-Hispanic Black/African American: 40% Non-Hispanic White: 28% Hispanic or Latino: 25% American Indian/Alaska Native: 2% Unknown: 5% |
S9 | Farid et al., 2022 [77] | PWID receiving opioid substitution treatment at 35 centers in Bangladesh | NR | Methadone | NR | Female: NR Male: NR | NR |
S10 | Gage et al., 2022 [78] | 100 posters on four Reddit subforums related to substance use | NR | Buprenorphine, methadone | 16 (7)c | Female: NR Male: NR | NR |
S11 | Garg et al., 2022 [79] | 63,941 clients receiving methadone or buprenorphine/naloxone in Ontario | 63,941 | Buprenorphine, methadone | NR | Female: NR Male: NR | NR |
S12 | Gittins et al., 2022 [80] | 56 clients receiving substance use care at two community treatment centres/providers in England | 35 | Buprenorphine, methadone | 39 (mean), 18–61 (range) | Female: 41% Male: 59% | White—British: 95% White – Irish: 4% White – Other: 2% |
S13 | Gomes et al., 2022 [81] | 21,297 people receiving OAT in Ontario | 21,297 | Buprenorphine, methadone | NR [only subgroup data reported] | NR [only subgroup data reported] | NR |
S14 | Harris et al., 2022 [82] | 20 Boston site participants from a parent study (REBOOT) on preventing opioid overdose | 14 | Buprenorphine, methadone | 42 (mean), 27–61 (range) | Female: 45% Male: 50% Trans and/or GE: 5% | White: 80% Other or more than one race: 20% |
S15 | Hoffman et al., 2022 [83] | 377 methadone clients at two opioid treatment programs serving five Southern Oregon rural counties | 377 | Methadone | 40 (11) | Female: 49% Male: 51% | Non-Hispanic White: 93% |
S16 | Javakhishvili et al., 2021 [84] | 100–668 clients from OST institutions in Western Georgia (Eurasia) | Quant: 668, Qual.: 10 | Buprenorphine, methadone | 43 (median) [quant. participants], 48 (6) [qual. participants] | Female: 10% Male: 90% | NR |
S17 | Joseph et al., 2021 [85] | > 3,600 opioid treatment program clients at five clinics in the Bronx | > 3,600 | Methadone | NR | Female: NR Male: NR | NR |
S18 | Kesten et al., 2021 [86] | 28 people who use drugs in Bristol, England | 23 | Buprenorphine, methadone | 25–29: 7% 30–34: 14% 35–39: 36% 40–44: 18% 45–49: 11% 50–54: 14% | Female: 32% Male: 68% | NR |
S19 | Krawczyk et al., 2021 [87] | Posters on the subreddits r/Opiates and r/OpiatesRecovery | NR | Buprenorphine, methadone | NR | Female: NR Male: NR | NR |
S20 | Levander et al., 2021 [88] | 46 clients at three rural opioid treatment programs in Oregon | 46 | Methadone | 44 (13) | Female: 50% Male: 50% | White: 96% American Indian/Alaska Native: 13% Hispanic/Latinx: 4% |
S21 | Liddell et al., 2021 [89] | 95 MAT clients from six health boards across Scotland | 90 | Buprenorphine, methadone | 24–34: 25% 35–44: 53% 45–54: 16% 55–64: 5% Missing: 1% | Female: 43% Male: 56% | White – Scottish: 96% White – British: 6% White – English: 3% |
S22 | Lintzeris et al., 2022 [90] | 429 clients enrolled on OAT at three public treatment service locations in Sydney | 429 | Buprenorphine, methadone | 43 (10) | Female: 33% Male: NR | NR |
S23 | May et al., 2022 [91] | 19 PWID recruited through drug and homelessness services in London and Bristol | NR | Methadone | 40 (mean), 24–49 (range) | Female: 53% Male: 47% | White British: 68% Black or Black British Caribbean: 11% White and Black Caribbean: 11% White Other: 11% |
S24 | Meyerson et al., 2022 [92] | 131 MOUD clients from 29 different providers in rural and urban communities across Arizona | 131 | Buprenorphine, methadone | 38 (11) | Female: 38% Male: 71% Trans and/or GE: 2% | White: 68% Hispanic: 24% Black: 3% Native American: 3% Asian: 2% |
S25 | Morin et al., 2021 [93] | 14,669 clients from 67 OAT clinics in Ontario | 14,669 | Buprenorphine, methadoneg | NR | Female: NR Male: NR | NR |
S26 | Nguyen et al., 2021f [94] | 506 clients at a hospital-affiliated opioid treatment program in San Francisco, California | 506 | Methadone | 48 (11) | Female: NR Male: 77% | White: 51% Black/African American: 32% Hispanic: 10% Other: 7% |
S27 | Nobles et al., 2021 [95] | 179 posters on the subreddit r/methadone | NR | Methadone | NR | Female: NR Male: NR | NR |
S28 | Parkes et al., 2021 [96] | 10 people with lived/living experience of homelessness who used services at the Wellbeing Centre, as well as staff and stakeholders | NR | Methadoneg | NR | Female: 20% Male: 80% | NR |
S29 | Pilarinos et al., 2022 [97] | 56 young current or former OAT clients in Vancouver | NR | Buprenorphine, methadone, slow-release oral morphineg | 14–24 (range) | Female: 32% Male: 64% Trans and/or GE: 4% | White: 75% Indigenous: 23% Asian-Canadian: 9% African-Canadian: 5% Declined to answer: 4% |
S30 | Rosic et al., 2022 [98] | 629 OAT clients from 31 clinics in Ontario | 629 | Buprenorphine, methadone | 40 (11) | Female: NR Male: 50% | NR |
S31 | Roy et al., 2023 [99] | Individuals prescribed buprenorphine in the U.S. between Feb. 2019 and Apr. 2021 | Time point 1: 1,269,651 Time point 2: 814,013 Time point 3: 1,329,502 | Buprenorphine | Time point 1: 41 (12) Time point 2: 42 (13) Time point 3: 42 (12) | Varied; 43–44% | NR |
S32 | Russell et al., 2021 [100] | 196 people who use drugs from across Canada | 72 | Buprenorphine, methadone, “intravenous OAT” | 41 (11) | Female: 41% Male: 56% Trans and/or GE: 4% | White: 59% Indigenous: 30% Other: 11% |
S33 | Schofield et al., 2022 [101] | 29 people who use drugs recruited from a hostel/shelter, a stabilization and housing service, a harm reduction service, and a peer-led recovery community in Scotland | NR | Buprenorphine, methadoneg | 28–56 (range) | Female: 45% Male: 55% | NR |
S34 | Scott et al., 2023 [102] | 27 people receiving OAT at a community addictions centre in London | 27 | Buprenorphine, methadone | 47 (NR) | Female: 19% Male: 82% | White British: 52% Black British: 15% Other: 33% |
S35 | Suen et al., 2022/Wyatt et al., 2022 [104] | 20 MOUD patients and 10 providers at one OTP in San Francisco, California | 20 | Buprenorphine, methadone | 51 (median), 41–60 (IQR) | Female: 47% Male: 53% | Black/African American: 47% Hispanic/Latinx: 26% White: 26% Native American/American Indian: 11% |
S36 | University of Bath et al., 2020, [105] | 15 people receiving OST in rural villages and towns in Somerset, Wiltshire, and Suffolk | 15 | Methadoneg | 43 (mean), 31–56 (range) | Female: 53% Male: 47% | NR |
S37 | Vicknasingam et al., 2021 [107] | Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) clients and personnel at MMT programs, HIV clinics, and NGO services in the Malaysian states of Penang, Kelantan, Selangor, and Melaka | Quant.: 74, Qual.: 9 | Methadone | NR | Female: NR Male: NR | NR |
S38 | Walters et al., 2022 [108] | 37 people who use drugs recruited from the Northeast US; 18 MOUD providers, clinic staff, and regulatory officials | NR | Buprenorphine, methadone | NR | Female: NR Male: NR | NR |
S39 | Watson et al., 2022 [109] | 25 people referred to MOUD in Chicago, Illinois, within the year prior to or after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic | 20 | Buprenorphine, methadone | 57 (mean), 48–74 (range) | Female: 76% Male: 24% | African American: 96% Hispanic/Latino: 4% |
S40 | Zhen-Duan et al., 2022 [110] | 20 adults enrolled in Medicaid and receiving outpatient SUD treatment (e.g., medication, counseling) in NYC | 13 | Buprenorphine, methadone | 52 (13) | Female: 20% Male: 80% | Black non-Latinx: 25% Asian non-Latinx: 20% Black Latinx: 10% White Latinx: 10% Multiracial non-Latinx: 5% Multiracial Latinx: 5% Latinx, no race selected: 25% |