Table 2 Characteristics of the 2021 HRCS participants stratified by preference for smoking opioid safe supply
Characteristics | Mode of Consumption Preference | Total (n=282) | Bivariate Regression | Fisher’s Exact Test | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prefer smoking opioid safe supply (n=176) n (row %) | Did not prefer smoking opioid safe supply (n=106) n (row %) | n (column %) | P-value | P-value | |
Age Category | |||||
≤29 | 29 (85.3%) | 5 (14.7%) | 34 (12.1%) | <0.01*** | <0.01*** |
30-39 | 52 (69.3%) | 23 (30.7%) | 75 (26.6%) | 0.01** | |
40-49 | 45 (60.8%) | 29 (39.2%) | 74 (26.2%) | 0.13 | |
≥50 | 44 (48.9%) | 46 (51.1%) | 90 (31.9%) | Reference | |
Unknown | 6 (66.7%) | 3 (33.3%) | 9 (3.2%) | 0.32 | |
Gender | |||||
Cis man | 118 (65.2%) | 63 (34.8%) | 181 (64.1%) | Reference | 0.32 |
Cis woman | 52 (58.4%) | 37 (41.6%) | 89 (31.6%) | 0.28 | |
Transgender and gender expansive | 2 (40.0%) | 3 (60.0%) | 5 (1.8%) | 0.26 | |
Unknown | 4 (57.1%) | 3 (42.9%) | 7 (2.5%) | 0.66 | |
Sexual Orientation | |||||
LGBTQ | 24 (61.5%) | 15 (38.5%) | 39 (13.8%) | Reference | 0.99 |
Non-LGBTQ | 141 (62.7%) | 84 (37.3%) | 225 (79.8%) | 0.89 | |
Unknown | 11 (61.1%) | 7 (38.9%) | 18 (6.4%) | 0.98 | |
Urbanicity | |||||
Large urban population centre | 47 (62.7%) | 28 (37.3%) | 75 (26.6%) | Reference | 0.22 |
Medium population centre | 82 (67.2%) | 40 (32.8%) | 122 (43.3%) | 0.52 | |
Small population centre | 47 (55.3%) | 38 (44.7%) | 85 (30.1%) | 0.35 | |
Health Authority | |||||
Fraser Health | 31 (79.5%) | 8 (20.5%) | 39 (13.8%) | Reference | <0.01*** |
Interior Health | 37 (56.1%) | 29 (43.9%) | 66 (23.4%) | 0.02* | |
Island Health | 48 (60.8%) | 31 (39.2%) | 79 (28.0%) | 0.05* | |
Northern Health | 50 (78.1%) | 14 (21.9%) | 64 (22.7%) | 0.87 | |
Vancouver Coastal Health | 10 (29.4%) | 24 (70.6%) | 34 (12.1%) | <0.01*** | |
Indigenous IdentityA | |||||
IndigenousB | 71 (59.7%) | 48 (40.3%) | 119 (42.2%) | Reference | 0.31 |
First Nations | 50 (59.5%) | 34 (40.5%) | 84 (70.6%) | - | |
Métis | 21 (60.0%) | 14 (40.0%) | 35 (29.4%) | - | |
Non-Indigenous | 96 (66.2%) | 49 (33.8%) | 145 (51.4%) | 0.27 | |
Unknown | 9 (50.0%) | 9 (50.0%) | 18 (6.4%) | 0.44 | |
Currently EmployedC | |||||
Employed | 27 (55.1%) | 22 (44.9%) | 49 (17.4%) | Reference | 0.25 |
Unemployed | 139 (65.0%) | 75 (35.0%) | 214 (75.9%) | 0.20 | |
Unknown | 10 (52.6%) | 9 (47.4%) | 19 (6.7%) | 0.85 | |
Currently Stably HousedD | |||||
Yes | 92 (58.2%) | 66 (41.8%) | 158 (56.0%) | 0.09 | 0.10 |
No | 81 (68.1%) | 38 (31.9%) | 119 (42.2%) | Reference | |
Unknown | 3 (60.0%) | 2 (40.0%) | 5 (1.8%) | 0.71 | |
Have a Disability | |||||
Yes | 141 (61.6%) | 88 (38.4%) | 229 (81.2%) | 0.24 | 0.34 |
No | 15 (75.0%) | 5 (25.0%) | 20 (7.1%) | Reference | |
Unknown | 20 (60.6%) | 13 (39.4%) | 33 (11.7%) | 0.29 | |
Have a perceived risk of opioid overdose | |||||
Yes | 68 (61.3%) | 43 (38.7%) | 111 (39.4%) | 0.58 | 0.60 |
No | 86 (64.7%) | 47 (35.3%) | 133 (47.2%) | Reference | |
Unknown | 22 (57.9%) | 16 (42.1%) | 38 (13.4%) | 0.45 | |
Have witnessed an opioid overdose in the last 6 months | |||||
Yes | 133 (66.6%) | 67 (33.5%) | 200 (70.9%) | <0.01** | <0.01** |
No | 30 (46.9%) | 34 (53.1%) | 64 (22.7%) | Reference | |
Unknown | 13 (72.2%) | 5 (27.8%) | 18 (6.4%) | 0.06 | |
Have experienced opioid overdose in the last 6 months | |||||
Yes | 61 (64.2%) | 34 (35.8%) | 95 (32.0%) | 0.68 | 0.69 |
No | 103 (61.7%) | 64 (38.3%) | 167 (61.8%) | Reference | |
Unknown | 12 (60.0%) | 8 (40.0%) | 20 (6.2%) | 0.88 | |
Use Drugs Alone | |||||
Ever | 157 (64.6%) | 86 (35.4%) | 243 (86.2%) | 0.08 | 0.11 |
Never | 15 (48.4%) | 16 (51.6%) | 31 (11.0%) | Reference | |
Unknown | 4 (50.0%) | 4 (50.0%) | 8 (2.8%) | 0.94 | |
Used Overdose Prevention Site | |||||
Yes | 54 (58.1%) | 39 (41.9%) | 93 (33.0%) | 0.38 | 0.43 |
No | 108 (63.5%) | 62 (36.5%) | 170 (60.3%) | Reference | |
Unknown | 14 (73.7%) | 5 (26.3%) | 19 (6.7%) | 0.38 | |
Opioid Agonist Therapy Prescribed | |||||
Yes | 94 (63.9%) | 53 (36.1%) | 147 (52.1%) | 0.80 | 0.89 |
No | 63 (62.4%) | 38 (37.6%) | 101 (35.8%) | Reference | |
Unknown | 19 (55.9%) | 15 (44.1%) | 34 (12.1%) | 0.50 | |
Frequency of drug use in last month | |||||
Every day | 146 (68.9%) | 66 (31.1%) | 212 (75.2%) | Reference | <0.01*** |
A few times a week | 14 (35.0%) | 26 (65.0%) | 40 (14.2%) | <0.001*** | |
A few times a month | 4 (40.0%) | 6 (60.0%) | 10 (3.5%) | 0.07 | |
Did not use | 1 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0.99 | |
Unknown | 11 (57.9%) | 8 (42.1%) | 19 (6.7%) | 0.32 | |
Drugs used in the last 3 days | |||||
Opioids | |||||
Fentanyl &/or Diacetylmorphine (Heroin) | |||||
Yes | 163 (66.5%) | 82 (33.5%) | 245 (86.9%) | <0.01*** | - |
No | 13 (35.1%) | 24 (64.9%) | 37 (13.1%) | Reference | |
Hydromorphone (e.g. Dilaudid) | |||||
Yes | 69 (63.9%) | 39 (36.1%) | 108 (38.3%) | 0.69 | - |
No | 107 (61.5%) | 67 (38.5%) | 174 (61.7%) | Reference | |
Morphine (e.g. Kadian or M-Eslon) | |||||
Yes | 45 (58.4%) | 32 (41.6%) | 77 (27.3%) | 0.40 | - |
No | 131 (63.9%) | 74 (36.1%) | 205 (72.7%) | Reference | |
Oxycodone (e.g. OxyContin, OxyNeo) | |||||
Yes | 14 (58.3%) | 10 (41.7%) | 24 (8.5%) | 0.67 | - |
No | 162 (62.8%) | 96 (37.2%) | 258 (91.5%) | Reference | |
Methadone (Methadose/Metadol) | |||||
Yes | 65 (61.3%) | 41 (38.7%) | 106 (37.6%) | 0.77 | - |
No | 111 (63.1%) | 65 (36.9%) | 176 (62.4%) | Reference | |
Buprenorphine/Naloxone (Suboxone or Sublocade) | |||||
Yes | 11 (64.7%) | 6 (35.3%) | 17 (6.0%) | 0.84 | - |
No | 165 (62.3%) | 100 (37.7%) | 265 (94.0%) | Reference | |
Xanax | |||||
Yes | 15 (71.4%) | 6 (28.6%) | 21 (7.4%) | 0.38 | - |
No | 161 (61.7%) | 100 (38.3%) | 261 (92.6%) | Reference | |
Other Benzos (e.g. Ativan/Valium) | |||||
Yes | 61 (74.4%) | 21 (25.6%) | 82 (29.1%) | <0.01** | - |
No | 115 (57.5%) | 85 (42.5%) | 200 (70.9%) | Reference | |
Stimulants | |||||
Crystal Meth/Methamphetamine | |||||
Yes | 156 (69.0%) | 70 (31.0%) | 226 (80.1%) | <0.01*** | - |
No | 20 (35.7%) | 36 (64.3%) | 56 (19.9%) | Reference | |
Cocaine (powder) | |||||
Yes | 32 (59.3%) | 22 (40.7%) | 54 (19.1%) | 0.60 | - |
No | 144 (63.2%) | 84 (36.8%) | 228 (80.9%) | Reference | |
Crack | |||||
Yes | 50 (66.7%) | 25 (33.3%) | 75 (26.6%) | 0.37 | - |
No | 126 (60.9%) | 81 (39.1%) | 207 (73.4%) | Reference | |
MDMA/Ecstasy | |||||
Yes | 12 (80.0%) | 3 (20.0%) | 15 (5.3%) | 0.16 | - |
No | 164 (61.4%) | 103 (38.6%) | 267 (94.7%) | Reference | |
Other stimulant (e.g. Ritalin/Adderall) | |||||
Yes | 17 (63.0%) | 10 (37.0%) | 27 (9.6%) | 0.95 | - |
No | 159 (62.4%) | 96 (37.6%) | 255 (90.4%) | Reference | |
Other/legal substances | |||||
Cannabis/Hash | |||||
Yes | 93 (69.4%) | 41 (30.6%) | 134 (47.5%) | 0.05* | - |
No | 83 (56.1%) | 65 (43.9%) | 148 (52.5%) | Reference | |
Tobacco (cigarettes) | |||||
Yes | 155 (64.3%) | 86 (35.7%) | 241 (85.5%) | 0.11 | - |
No | 21 (51.2%) | 20 (48.8%) | 41 (14.5%) | Reference | |
Alcohol | |||||
Yes | 78 (69.6%) | 34 (30.4%) | 112 (39.7%) | 0.05* | - |
No | 98 (57.6%) | 72 (42.4%) | 170 (60.3%) | Reference | |
Preference for opioid safe supply | |||||
Diacetylmorphine (Heroin) | |||||
Yes | 120 (77.4%) | 35 (22.6%) | 155 (55.0%) | <0.01*** | - |
No | 56 (44.1%) | 71 (55.9%) | 127 (45.0%) | Reference | |
Fentanyl (liquid) | |||||
Yes | 19 (55.9%) | 15 (44.1%) | 34 (12.1%) | 0.40 | - |
No | 157 (63.3%) | 91 (36.7%) | 248 (87.9%) | Reference | |
Fentanyl (patch) | |||||
Yes | 18 (50%) | 18 (50%) | 36 (12.8%) | 0.10 | - |
No | 158 (64.2%) | 88 (35.8%) | 246 (87.2%) | Reference | |
Fentanyl (powder) | |||||
Yes | 61 (82.4%) | 13 (17.6%) | 74 (26.2%) | <0.01*** | - |
No | 115 (55.3%) | 93 (44.7%) | 208 (73.8%) | Reference | |
Hydromorphone (injectable) | |||||
Yes | 10 (50.0%) | 10 (50.0%) | 20 (7.1%) | 0.24 | - |
No | 166 (63.4%) | 96 (36.6%) | 262 (92.9%) | Reference | |
Hydromorphone (tablet e.g. Dilaudid) | |||||
Yes | 14 (50.0%) | 14 (50.0%) | 28 (9.9%) | 0.16 | - |
No | 162 (63.8%) | 92 (36.2%) | 254 (90.1%) | Reference | |
Morphine (capsule/tablet e.g. Kadian/M-Eslon) | |||||
Yes | 13 (44.8%) | 16 (55.2%) | 29 (10.3%) | 0.05* | - |
No | 163 (64.4%) | 90 (35.6%) | 253 (89.7%) | Reference | |
Morphine (injectable) | |||||
Yes | 9 (34.6%) | 17 (65.4%) | 26 (9.2%) | 0.01** | - |
No | 167 (65.2%) | 89 (34.8%) | 256 (90.8%) | Reference | |
Oxycodone (e.g., OxyContin, OxyNeo) | |||||
Yes | 10 (38.5%) | 16 (61.5%) | 26 (9.2%) | 0.01** | - |
No | 166 (64.8%) | 90 (35.2%) | 256 (90.8%) | Reference | |
Methadone (Methadose/Metadol) | |||||
Yes | 15 (62.5%) | 9 (37.5%) | 24 (8.5%) | 0.99 | - |
No | 161 (62.4%) | 97 (37.6%) | 258 (91.5%) | Reference | |
Buprenorphine/Naloxone (Suboxone) | |||||
Yes | 6 (85.7%) | 1 (14.3%) | 7 (2.5%) | 0.23 | - |
No | 170 (61.8%) | 105 (38.2%) | 275 (97.5%) | Reference | |
Other | |||||
Yes | 10 (50.0%) | 10 (50.0%) | 20 (7.1%) | 0.24 | - |
No | 166 (63.4%) | 96 (36.6%) | 262 (92.9%) | Reference | |
Smoked opioid in last 3 days | |||||
Yes | 153 (74.3%) | 53 (25.7%) | 206 (73.0%) | <0.01*** | - |
No | 23 (30.3%) | 53 (69.7%) | 76 (27.0%) | Reference | |
Prefer to smoke stimulants safe supply | |||||
Yes | 117 (77.5%) | 34 (22.5%) | 151 (53.5%) | <0.01*** | - |
No | 59 (45.0%) | 72 (55.0%) | 131 (46.5%) | Reference | |