ALPHA questionnaire | Number of correct answers n (%) | Doping Control Experience n (%) | Anti-doping Education n (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | p value | Non-educated | Once | More than once | p value | ||
1. How can an athlete with a medical condition decide whether to take a medication? | 411 (69.7) | 239 (74.2) | 172 (64.2) | p = 0.008 | 38 (37.3) | 158 (68.4) | 215 (83.7) | p < 0.001 |
2. What are the athlete’s rights when a positive test is returned? | 334 (56.6) | 183 (56.3) | 151 (56.3) | p = 0.905 | 57 (55.9) | 124 (53.7) | 153 (59.5) | p = 0.422 |
3. What are the side effects of using anabolic steroids? | 348 (59.0) | 191 (59.3) | 157 (58.6) | p = 0.857 | 46 (45.1) | 117 (50.6) | 185 (72.0) | p < 0.001 |
4. What condition allows an athlete to refuse to be tested? | 561 (95.1) | 315 (97.8) | 246 (91.8) | p = 0.001 | 88 (86.3) | 220 (95.2) | 253 (98.4) | p < 0.001 |
5. What does TUE stand for? | 436 (73.9) | 256 (79.5) | 180 (67.2) | p = 0.001 | 52 (51.0) | 173 (74.9) | 211 (82.1) | p < 0.001 |
6. What is the philosophy behind anti-doping? | 143 (24.2) | 86 (26.7) | 57 (21.3) | p = 0.125 | 15 (14.7) | 61 (26.4) | 67 (26.1) | p = 0.047 |
7. What is the Prohibited List? | 488 (82.7) | 277 (86.0) | 211 (78.7) | p = 0.020 | 68 (66.7) | 193 (83.5) | 227 (88.3) | p < 0.001 |
8. What is the purpose of the World Anti-Doping Code? | 296 (50.2) | 169 (52.5) | 127 (47.4) | p = 0.218 | 39 (38.2) | 115 (49.8) | 142 (55.3) | p = 0.014 |
9. What is the requirement for laboratories that analyze blood or urine samples for doping control? | 433 (73.4) | 270 (83.9) | 163 (60.8) | p < 0.001 | 47 (46.1) | 159 (68.8) | 227 (88.3) | p < 0.001 |
10. When do athletes have to tell their National Anti-Doping Organization where they will be living, training and competing? | 386 (65.4) | 230 (71.4) | 156 (58.2) | p = 0.001 | 53 (52.0) | 132 (57.1) | 201 (78.2) | p < 0.001 |
11. When must an athlete be notified of an upcoming test? | 338 (57.3) | 205 (63.7) | 133 (49.6) | p = 0.001 | 46 (45.1) | 109 (47.2) | 183 (71.2) | p < 0.001 |
12. Who is responsible for the substances found in an athlete’s body? | 445 (75.4) | 250 (77.6) | 195 (72.8) | p = 0.171 | 59 (57.8) | 171 (74.0) | 215 (83.7) | p < 0.001 |