Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of the study participants (N = 590)
Variable | n (%) |
|---|---|
Sex | |
Male | 234 (40) |
Female | 356 (60) |
Age, years | |
Median (IQR) | 17 (8) |
Range | 15–39 |
Sports | |
Athletics | 119 (20.3) |
Rhythmic Gymnastics | 108 (18.3) |
Acrobatic gymnastics | 64 (10.8) |
Artistic gymnastics | 44 (7.5) |
Weightlifting | 41 (6.9) |
Shooting | 29 (4.9) |
Archery | 19 (3.2) |
Biathlon | 18 (3.1) |
Canoe | 14 (2.4) |
Water Polo | 13 (2.2) |
Swimming | 12 (2.0) |
Other | 109 (18.4) |
Competition Duration, years | |
Mean ± SD | 7.5 ± 5 |
Range | 1–25 |
Competition Level | |
District | 4 (0.7) |
City | 13 (2.2) |
Region | 32 (5.4) |
National | 166 (28.1) |
International | 328 (55.6) |
Olympic Games | 44 (7.5) |
Paralympic Games | 3 (0.5) |
Education Level | |
Sport School | 297 (50.3) |
Sport College | 83 (14.1) |
Bachelor Degree in Sport | 171 (29.0) |
Master Degree in Sport | 32 (5.4) |
PhD in Sport | 7 (1.2) |
Age of First Information about Doping | |
7–17 years | 481 (81.6) |
18–22 years | 87 (14.7) |
≥ 23 years | 22 (3.7) |
Primary source of Information about Doping | |
None | 6 (1.0) |
Coach | 160 (27.1) |
Sport Doctor | 70 (11.9) |
Teammate | 42 (7.1) |
Family | 18 (3.1) |
Internet | 277 (46.9) |
Anti-doping Education Program | 17 (2.9) |
Doping Control Experience | |
Yes | 322 (54.6) |
No | 268 (45.4) |
Anti-doping Education Experience | |
Non-educated | 102 (17.3) |
Once | 231 (39.2) |
More than once | 257 (43.5) |
Type of Anti-doping Education | |
Not attended | 102 (17.3) |
Lecture | 130 (22.0) |
Online-course | 115 (19.5) |
Outreach | 6 (1.0) |
Lecture + Online course | 158 (26.8) |
Lecture + Online course + Outreach | 58 (9.8) |
Lecture + Outreach | 11 (1.9) |
Online course + Outreach | 10 (1.7) |