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Table 2 Controlled substance prescribing change by waiver status

From: The impact of CARA mandates on nurse practitioner controlled substance prescribing in Oregon: a cohort study

 

2018–2016 Difference (95% CI)1

Difference in Difference (95%CI)23

Model

Waivered

Non-Waivered

Patients with an opioid prescription

−3.19 (−25.48, 19.10)

−17.76 (− 21.37, − 14.15)

14.57 (−8.25, 37.39)

Opioid prescriptions per patient

0.61 (0.18, 1.04)

0.05 (−0.03, 0.13)

0.56 (0.11, 1.01)

Patients with long-term opioid therapy

9.64 (− 3.92, 23.20)

−2.64 (− 3.95, − 1.33)

12.28 (− 1.47, 26.03)

Patients with a benzodiazepine prescription

−0.69 (−6.00, 4.62)

−0.49 (− 2.16, 1.18)

−0.20 (−5.88, 5.48)

Benzodiazepine prescriptions per patient

0.12 (− 0.13, 0.37)

0.10 (0.02, 0.18)

0.03 (− 0.24, 0.29)

Patients co-prescribed opioid and benzodiazepine

−1.54 (− 2.48, − 0.60)

0.33 (− 0.45, 1.11)

−1.88 (− 3.24, − 0.51)

  1. Abbreviations: CI confidence interval, SE standard error
  2. 1Model estimated difference in each outcome from 2016 to 2018 for waivered and non-waivered nurse practitioners; positive values indicate an increase and negative values indicate a decrease in each outcome
  3. 2Model estimated difference in difference. This is the difference between waivered and non-waivered nurse practitioners in the 2016 to 2018 difference of each outcome; values in bold are statistically significant at the 0.05 level
  4. 3Regression models were controlled for the following: baseline age, years in practice at baseline, psychiatric or mental health specialty, prior discipline at baseline, and baseline outcome value