Alcohol outlets and alcohol consumption in changing environments: prevalence and changes over time

Auchincloss, Amy H.; Niamatullah, Saima; Adams, Maura; Melly, Steven J.; Li, Jingjing; Lazo, Mariana

doi:10.1186/s13011-021-00430-6

Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy

Table 3 Adjusted^a cross-sectional estimates of alcohol consumption with density of off-premise outlets and distance to outlets. N = 772

From: Alcohol outlets and alcohol consumption in changing environments: prevalence and changes over time

			Number of drinking days per week^b				Number of drinks per week				High number of drinks per week relative to others in cohort^c				Binge at least once in past 30 days^c
			(continuous counts)				(continuous counts)				(binary variable)				(binary variable)
			Exp	95% CI		P	Exp	95% CI		P	Odds	95% CI		P	Odds	95% CI		P
Exposure			(Beta)^c	low	high	value	(Beta)^c	low	high	value	ratio	low	high	value	ratio	low	high	value
Alcohol outlet density in 1.6 km buffer, per 10,000 population
Quartiles^d
Q1.	Lowest	0.0–0.99	Referent				Referent				Referent				Referent
Q2.		1.0–1.70	0.98	0.82	1.19	0.864	1.02	0.91	1.14	0.728	1.22	0.65	2.32	0.536	1.03	0.64	1.66	0.905
Q3.		1.71–2.8	1.11	0.93	1.33	0.253	1.21	1.09	1.35	0.001	1.97	1.08	3.62	0.028	0.90	0.56	1.45	0.662
Q4.	Highest	2.9–10.7	1.28	1.08	1.52	0.005	1.34	1.21	1.49	<.0001	1.59	0.87	2.92	0.135	1.19	0.75	1.89	0.464
Distance from participant to nearest off-premise outlet
Tertiles, kilometers^e
T1.	Nearest	0.021–0.622	Referent				Referent				Referent				Referent
T2.		0.623–1.26	1.00	0.86	1.16	0.993	0.96	0.88	1.05	0.386	0.92	0.56	1.51	0.737	1.09	0.72	1.65	0.674
T3.	Farthest	1.27–10.16	0.81	0.67	0.99	0.038	0.79	0.70	0.88	<.0001	0.58	0.30	1.11	0.100	1.28	0.77	2.12	0.346

Abbreviations: CI confidence interval
^aCross-sectional results follow-up, adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, per capita income, educational attainment, history of chronic disease (binary), state. When per-population was not part of the exposure measure, then the model also adjusted for population density within a 1.6 km area (operationalized into quartiles)
^bPoisson regression was used to derive these estimates. Beta coefficients represents the difference in the logs of expected drinking days (per week) for discrete exposure category vs. referent category. Exponentiated beta coefficient represents a relative value. Thus, in cross-sectional data the exp.(beta) 1.28 can be interpreted as 28% higher drinking days per month when living in the highest quartile of outlet density (0.29–1.7 per 10,000 population) relative to the lowest quartile (the referent group)
^cLogistic regression was used to derived these estimates. High number of drinks refers to high consumption relative to others in cohort (top quintile > = 8 drinks per week). Binge in the past 30 days refers to > = 1 time in past 30 days consumed a large volume of alcohol during a single occasion (> = 5 drinks for males, > = 4 drinks for females). For 5 participants, their baseline binge value was used because their follow-up value was missing
^dThe following information attempts to aide interpretation of the quartile groups for alcohol outlet density in a 1.6 km buffer, per 10,000 population. Within each quartile of the standardized count, the median (and P25, P75) of the unstandardized 1.6 km density is as follows: Quartile 1: median 0 outlets (0–1); Quartile 2: median 6 outletS (2, 8), Quartile 3: median 7 outlets (3, 13); Quartile 4: median 11 outlets (4, 25)
^eTertitle distances in miles: T1. 0.01–0.386 miles, T2. 0.387–0.78 miles, T3. 0.79–6.31 miles

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ISSN: 1747-597X

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