Table 4 Logistic regression analysis of risk indicators for any current illicit drug use among young people from the Kenyan coast

 Female

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Male

8.07*** (4.32, 15.09)

6.65*** (3.35, 13.20)

5.89*** (2.35, 14.76)

4.80*** (1.82, 12.68)

9.32*** (3.91, 22.23)

13.08*** (4.28, 39.98)

 Rural (Kilifi)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

–

 Urban (Mombasa)

2.14*** (1.35, 3.39)

2.12** (1.19, 3.78)

3.58*** (1.50, 8.54)

2.93** (1.14, 7.54)

1.68* (0.96, 2.95)

–

Religion

Overall p = 0.02

Overall p = 0.12

Overall p = 0.14

 Muslim

1.77** (1.07, 2.92)

2.45*** (1.30, 4.61)

2.32** (1.05, 5.11)

3.13** (1.24, 7.89)

1.52 (0.79, 2.93)

–

 Christian

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

–

 No religion

2.36** (1.04, 5.37)

2.75 (0.91, 8.32)

1.33 (0.16, 10.83)

0.68 (0.06, 7.42)

2.26* (0.90, 5.68)

–

Asset index

1.25*** (1.09, 1.43)

–

–

–

1.44*** (1.20, 1.72)

1.49*** (1.15, 1.92)

Negative life events

Overall p = 0.06

Overall p = 0.08

 None

Ref

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

 1–5 events

3.15* (0.96, 10.33)

3.32 (0.91, 12.10)

–

–

2.72* (0.80, 9.17)

–

 6+ events

4.06** (1.22, 13.59)

4.08** (1.08, 15.48)

–

–

4.00** (1.13, 14.17)

Parent living status

Overall p = 0.05

Overall p = 0.01

 Both alive

2.26** (1.04, 4.89)

3.15** (1.31, 7.58)

–

–

Ref

Ref

 One alive

2.66** (1.19, 5.95)

3.38*** (1.35, 8.49)

–

–

2.26*** (1.25, 4.11)

3.04*** (1.35, 6.81)

 Both dead^b

Ref

Ref

–

–

1.00

1.00

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

12.41*** (7.65, 20.14)

13.32*** (7.56, 23.48)

7.56*** (3.43, 16.66)

9.90*** (3.93, 24.95)

15.20*** (8.00, 28.91)

11.92*** (5.84, 24.32)

 Not present

–

–

–

–

Ref

Ref

 Present

–

–

–

–

2.85** (1.04, 7.81)

7.30*** (1.65, 32.30)

n of the final model

812

406

393

Variance explained (R²)

32.3%

23.3%

38.8%