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Table 3 Negative binomial regression results on frequency of emergency department (ED) use and hospitalization among patients with substance-related disorders (SRD)

From: Frequencies of emergency department use and hospitalization comparing patients with different types of substance or polysubstance-related disorders

 

ED use

Hospitalizations

 

RR

p value

95%CI

RR

p value

95%CI

SRD: subgroups (2012-13 to 2014-15)

 Other drug-related disorders vs. cannabis-related disorders

1.06

0.253

0.96

1.17

1.00

0.998

0.83

1.20

 Alcohol-related disorders vs. cannabis-related disorders

1.11

0.041

1.00

1.23

1.38

0.0001

1.15

1.65

 Polysubstance-related disordersa vs. cannabis-related disorders

1.18

0.0001

1.08

1.29

1.26

0.007

1.06

1.48

 Alcohol-related disorders vs. other drug-related disorders

1.05

0.206

0.97

1.13

1.38

0.0001

1.23

1.54

 Polysubstance-related disorders vs. other drug-related disorders

1.12

0.0001

1.05

1.19

1.26

0.0001

1.14

1.38

 Polysubstance-related disorders vs. alcohol-related disorders

1.07

0.035

1.00

1.13

0.91

0.040

0.83

1.00

Clinical variables (2013-14 to 2014-15 or other as specified)

 Mental disorders (MD)

1.27

0.0001

1.21

1.34

1.39

0.0001

1.28

1.52

 Chronic physical illnessesb

1.43

0.0001

1.36

1.50

1.87

0.0001

1.73

2.02

 Behavioral addictions (gambling, internet and gaming disorders)

1.21

0.045

1.00

1.45

0.99

0.906

0.78

1.25

 Number of years with SRD (2009-10 to 2014-15)

1.31

0.0001

1.29

1.33

1.36

0.0001

1.33

1.39

Sociodemographic variables (2014-15)

Age

 12-17 vs. 45+ years

1.51

0.0001

1.34

1.71

0.77

0.046

0.59

1.00

 18-24 vs. 45+ years

1.40

0.0001

1.30

1.51

1.00

0.950

0.88

1.13

 25-44 vs. 45+ years

1.10

0.001

1.04

1.16

0.90

0.014

0.83

0.98

 Women vs. men

1.10

0.0001

1.05

1.15

1.16

0.0001

1.08

1.25

Material Deprivation Index

 3 vs. 1-2

0.96

0.329

0.90

1.04

0.93

0.173

0.83

1.03

 4-5 and not assignedc vs. 1-2

1.07

0.018

1.01

1.13

1.01

0.760

0.93

1.10

Social Deprivation Index

 3 vs. 1-2

0.99

0.788

0.92

1.07

0.93

0.242

0.82

1.05

 4-5 and not assignedc vs. 1-2

1.01

0.734

0.95

1.07

0.99

0.785

0.89

1.09

Types of territory

 Semi-urban vs. urban

0.94

0.033

0.89

1.00

1.12

0.008

1.03

1.22

 Rural vs. urban

1.16

0.0001

1.09

1.24

1.13

0.025

1.02

1.26

Service use variables (2014-15)

Frequency of consultations with usual general practitioners (GP) and usual outpatient psychiatristd

 2-3 vs. 0-1

1.20

0.0001

1.10

1.32

1.30

0.0001

1.13

1.49

 4+ vs. 0-1

1.35

0.0001

1.23

1.49

1.57

0.0001

1.37

1.81

 High Usual Provider Continuity Index integrating both GP and psychiatristd (≥.67) vs. low (<.67)

0.82

0.0001

0.76

0.89

0.83

0.003

0.74

0.94

Frequency of interventions provided in community healthcare centers (excluding interventions from GP)

 1-3 vs. 0

1.30

0.0001

1.23

1.38

1.18

0.0001

1.08

1.29

 4+ vs. 0

1.48

0.0001

1.40

1.57

1.52

0.0001

1.40

1.65

Frequency of interventions received in addiction treatment center servicese

 1-3 vs. 0

1.10

0.016

1.02

1.19

1.00

0.942

0.89

1.13

 4+ vs. 0

0.98

0.595

0.93

1.04

0.91

0.030

0.83

0.99

  1. a Polysubstance-related disorders group included the following sub-groups: cannabis +other drugs-related disorders (n = 2,025), cannabis +alcohol-related disorders (n = 1,511), other drugs +alcohol-related disorders (n = 3,957), cannabis +other drugs +alcohol-related disorders (n = 2,908)
  2. b Chronic physical illnesses included: renal failure, cerebrovascular illnesses, neurological illnesses, hypothyroidism, fluid electrolyte illnesses, obesity, any tumor without metastasis, metastatic cancer, chronic pulmonary illnesses, diabetes complicated and uncomplicated, congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular illnesses, valvular illnesses, myocardial infarction, hypertension, pulmonary circulation illnesses, blood loss anemia, ulcer illnesses, liver illnesses, AIDS/HIV, rheumatoid arthritis/collagen vascular illnesses, coagulopathy, weight loss, paralysis, deficiency anemia
  3. c Missing address or living in an area where index assignment is not feasible. An index cannot usually be assigned to residents of nursing home or homeless individuals
  4. d Usual GP (proxy for “patient family physician”) was defined as having at least two consultations with the same GP or with at least two GP working in the same family medicine group. Usual psychiatrist was defined as one that followed any patient in ambulatory care at least twice. Alternatively, individuals who made only one outpatient consultation with a psychiatrist had to have consulted their GP at least twice, which was considered a proxy for collaborative care. The Usual Provider Continuity Index describes the proportion of visits to the GP and psychiatrist most frequently used of all GP and psychiatrists consulted in ambulatory care
  5. e Services offered at addiction treatment centers included: medical activities (e.g. substitution treatment), specialized services for pathological gambling (e.g. rehabilitation), external services for pathological gambling (e.g. family support services), specialized addiction services (alcohol, drugs; e.g. detoxification treatment); external addiction services (e.g. reintegration), and brief treatment in addiction intervention units
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Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy

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