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Table 1 Demographic characteristics of matched adult (> = 18 years) responders from the MEPS, 2008 to 2017

From: Trends in healthcare expenditures and resource utilization among a nationally representative population with opioids in the United States: a serial cross-sectional study, 2008 to 2017

Characteristics

Total

Respondents with an opioid prescription

Respondents without an opioid prescription

Standardized difference

Number of adults

61,406

30,703

30,703

 

Weighted sample

63,233,310

31,696,671

31,536,639

 

Age (years), mean (SD)

50.63 (18.03)

50.77 (17.42)

50.44 (18.62)

0.018

Age category, n (%)

 18 to 24 years

5,799,596 (9.2%)

2,453,290 (7.7%)

3,346,306 (10.6%)

−0.100

 25 to 44 years

18,010,168 (28.5%)

9,182,160 (29.0%)

8,828,008 (28.0%)

0.022

 45 to 64 years

23,967,616 (28.5%)

12,572,602 (39.7%)

11,395,014 (36.1%)

0.073

 65 + years

15,455,930 (24.4%)

7,488,618 (23.6%)

7,967,312 (25.3%)

−0.038

Gender, n (%)

 Male

25,984,623 (41.4%)

13,032,419 (41.1%)

12,952,203 (41.1%)

−0.001

 Female

37,248,687 (58.9%)

18,664,252 (58.9%)

18,584,436 (58.9%)

0.001

Race, n (%)

 White

52,228,967 (82.6%)

26,128,470 (82.4%)

26,100,497 (82.8%)

−0.009

 Black

7,473,006 (11.8%)

3,851,219 (12.2%)

3,621,787 (11.5%)

0.021

 Native American / Alaskan Native

550,687 (0.9%)

337,100 (1.1%)

213,587 (0.7%)

0.042

 Asian / Pacific Islander

1,737,580 (2.8%)

649,421 (2.1%)

1,088,159 (3.5%)

−0.086

 Multiple races reported

1,243,070 (2.0%)

730,460 (2.3%)

512,609 (1.6%)

0.049

Ethnicity, n (%)

 Hispanic

6,108,537 (9.7%)

3,116,758 (9.8%)

2,991,778 (9.5%)

0.012

 Not Hispanic

57,124,773 (90.3%)

28,579,913 (90.2%)

28,544,861 (90.5%)

−0.012

Marital status, n (%)

 Married

32,985,524 (52.2%)

16,515,381 (52.1%)

16,470,143 (52.2%)

−0.002

 Widowed

5,605,103 (8.9%)

2,744,706 (8.9%)

2,860,397 (9.1%)

−0.014

 Divorced

9,232,188 (14.6%)

5,082,374 (16.0%)

4,149,814 (13.2%)

0.082

 Separated

1,661,458 (2.6%)

948,179 (3.0%)

713,279 (2.3%)

0.046

 Never

13,749,037 (21.7%)

6,406,031 (20.2%)

7,343,006 (23.3%)

−0.075

Education, n (%)

 No degree

9,345,503 (14.8%)

4,620,405 (14.6%)

4,725,097 (15.0%)

−0.011

 GED / High School

25,689,371 (40.6%)

12,824,112 (40.5%)

12,865,260 (40.8%)

−0.007

 Associates or Other degree

12,778,135 (20.2%)

6,926,184 (21.9%)

5,851,951 (18.6%)

0.082

 Bachelor

9,752,704 (15.4%)

4,631,816 (14.6%)

5,120,887 (16.2%)

−0.045

 Master / Doctor

5,433,179 (8.6%)

2,564,625 (8.1%)

2,868,554 (9.1%)

−0.036

 Not Ascertainable

16,402 (0.03%)

9050 (0.03%)

7352 (0.02%)

0.003

 Don’t know

179,207 (0.3%)

104,307 (0.3%)

74,901 (0.2%)

0.017

 Refused to answer

38,808 (0.06%)

16,172 (0.05%)

22,636 (0.07%)

−0.008

Region, n (%)

 Northwest

9,961,981 (15.8%)

4,674,845 (14.7%)

5,287,137 (16.8%)

−0.055

 Midwest

14,577,600 (23.1%)

7,582,641 (23.9%)

6,994,959 (22.2%)

0.041

 South

24,726,287 (39.1%)

12,468,361 (39.3%)

12,257,926 (38.9%)

0.010

 West

13,967,442 (22.1%)

6,970,825 (22.0%)

6,996,617 (22.2%)

−0.005

Poverty status, n (%)

 Poor / Negative

10,313,443 (16.3%)

5,104,930 (16.1%)

5,208,513 (16.5%)

−0.001

 Near Poor

3,413,335 (5.4%)

1,697,182 (5.4%)

1,716,153 (5.4%)

−0.004

 Low Income

9,119,538 (14.4%)

4,758,503 (15.0%)

4,361,035 (13.%)

0.034

 Middle Income

17,785,938 (28.1%)

8,869,788 (28.0%)

8,916,150 (28.3%)

−0.006

 High Income

22,601,056 (35.7%)

11,266,268 (35.5%)

11,334,788 (35.9%)

−0.008

Insurance coverage, n (%)

 Any Private

41,247,710 (65.2%)

20,323,558 (64.1%)

20,924,152 (66.3%)

−0.047

 Public

17,036,658 (26.9%)

9,043,432 (28.5%)

7,993,226 (25.3%)

0.072

 Uninsured

4,948,942 (7.8%)

2,329,680 (7.4%)

2,619,262 (8.3%)

−0.036

Comorbidities, n (%)

 High blood pressure

29,518,235 (46.7%)

15,038,099 (47.4%)

14,480,136 (45.9%)

0.031

 Coronary heart disease

5,893,689 (9.3%)

2,904,943 (9.2%)

2,988,746 (9.5%)

0.011

 Angina

3,365,407 (5.3%)

1,708,626 (5.4%)

1,656,781 (5.3%)

0.006

 Myocardial infarction

4,485,031 (7.1%)

2,225,777 (7.0%)

2,259,254 (7.2%)

0.006

 Other heart disease

11,633,422 (18.4%)

5,750,760 (18.1%)

5,882,663 (18.7%)

0.013

 Stroke

4,660,588 (7.4%)

2,372,209 (7.5%)

2,288,378 (7.3%)

0.009

 High cholesterol

26,295,752 (41.6%)

13,374,570 (42.2%)

12,921,182 (41.0%)

0.025

 Cancer

11,018,769 (17.4%)

5,539,973 (17.5%)

5,478,796 (17.4%)

0.003

 Diabetes

9,237,334 (14.6%)

4,792,081 (14.6%)

4,445,253 (14.1%)

0.029

 Arthritis

31,506,810 (49.8%)

15,846,310 (50.0%)

15,660,500 (49.7%)

0.007