Socioeconomic correlates of incident and fatal opioid overdose among Swedish people with opioid use disorder

Table 3 Associations of fatal opioid overdose (OD). N = 22,079. Cox Regression Models (Hazard Ratios and 95% CIs)

	UNIVARIATE MODELS	MULTIVARIATE MODEL
Male sex	2.10 (1.77; 2.49)*	1.77 (1.49; 2.11)*
Age at OUD registration	0.97 (0.97; 0.98)*	0.88 (0.86; 0.90)*
Year of birth	1.02 (1.02; 1.03)*	0.90 (0.88; 0.93)*
Country of birth
Nordic countries (vs. Sweden)	1.51 (1.04; 2.18)^a*	NS
Europe (vs. Sweden)	0.59 (0.40; 0.87)^a*	NS
Asia (vs. Sweden)	0.56 (0.40; 0.79)^a*	NS
Outside Europe/Asia (vs. Sweden)	0.78 (0.49; 1.26)^a*	NS
Criminal conviction	2.01 (1.67; 2.41)^a*	1.93 (1.61; 2.32)*
Education (years)	0.94 (0.91; 0.97)^a*	NS
School grades	0.95 (0.87; 1.03)^a*	N/A^b
IQ	0.89 (0.78; 1.01)^a	N/A^b
Resilience	0.88 (0.78; 1.00)^a	N/A^b
Parental education (years)	1.00 (0.97; 1.03)^a	N/A^b
Social welfare	1.33 (1.15; 1.55)^a*	NS
Income	0.84 (0.72; 0.97)^a*	NS
Neighborhood deprivation	1.03 (0.99; 1.06)^a	NS
Married	0.76 (0.62; 0.94)^a*	NS
1 ≤ children	0.84 (0.70; 1.00)^a	NS
Distance to mother
0–10 km (vs. same place)	0.88 (0.73; 1.06)^a	N/A^b
10–50 km (vs. same place)	1.09 (0.83; 1.43)^a	N/A^b
50+ km (vs. same place)	1.14 (0.68; 1.92)^a	N/A^b
Distance to father
0–10 km (vs. same place)	0.86 (0.70; 1.06)^a	N/A^b
10–50 km (vs. same place)	0.96 (0.72; 1.29)^a	N/A^b
50+ km (vs. same place)	1.08 (0.65; 1.79)^a	N/A^b
Prior OUD/opioid OD	2.90 (2.28; 3.70)*	2.12 (1.65; 2.72)*
Inpatient registration of OUD	1.23 (1.06; 1.43)^a*	NS
Psychiatric disorder	1.66 (1.42; 1.93)^a*	1.59 (1.36; 1.85)*

HR Hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, OD overdose, OUD opioid use disorder, N/A not available, NS not significant
^aControlled for sex, age at registration, year of birth, prior OUD/opioid OD
^bVariable not included in the multivariable analysis due to a relatively large proportion of missing information. These variables were not missing due to poor register quality; rather, they were missing because not all individuals were represented in all registers (e.g. The Conscript Register includes almost exclusively men)
* p < 0.05

ISSN: 1747-597X