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Table 4 Demographics, substance characteristics and clinical presentation of the ER patients compared with ward admission group and the ICU admission group

From: Acute Toxic Effects of the New Psychoactive Substance “Voodoo” among Patients presented to the Poison Control Center of Ain Shams University Hospitals (PCC-ASUH), Egypt, during 2017

Variables

ER observation

(N = 23)

Ward admission

(N = 11)

ICU admission

(N = 37)

p-value

Demographics and substance characteristics

Age (years), Mean ± SD

25.0 ± 11.2

27.3 ± 5.3

24.7 ± 9.5

a0.733

Age categories (years)

< 20

11 (47.8 %)

0 (0.0 %)

13 (35.1 %)

c 0.014d

20 − 39

9 (39.1 %)

11 (100.0 %)

20 (54.1 %)

40 − 50

3 (13.0 %)

0 (0.0 %)

4 (10.8 %)

Sex

Male

23 (100.0 %)

11 (100.0 %)

35 (94.6 %)

c 0.658

Female

0 (0.0 %)

0 (0.0 %)

2 (5.4 %)

Type of substance

Mixed substances

12 (52.2 %)

8 (72.7 %)

19 (51.4 %)

b0.434

Voodoo only

11 (47.8 %)

3 (27.3 %)

18 (48.6 %)

Delay time (hours)

1 − 2

11 (47.8 %)

2 (18.2 %)

14 (37.8 %)

c 0.170

3

8 (34.8 %)

3 (27.3 %)

8 (21.6 %)

≥ 4.0

4 (17.4 %)

6 (54.5 %)

15 (40.5 %)

Clinical presentation

Tachycardia

2 (8.7 %)

0 (0.0 %)

20 (54.1 %)

b<0.001d

Bradycardia

0 (0.0 %)

2 (18.2 %)

8 (21.6 %)

c 0.037d

Hypertension

1 (4.3 %)

0 (0.0 %)

7 (18.9 %)

c 0.114

Hypotension

0 (0.0 %)

0 (0.0 %)

9 (24.3 %)

c 0.009

Tachypnea

0 (0.0 %)

5 (45.5 %)

14 (37.8 %)

b0.002d

Bradypnea

0 (0.0 %)

0 (0.0 %)

10 (27.0 %)

c 0.004

Fever

0 (0.0 %)

0 (0.0 %)

2 (5.4 %)

c 0.658

Agitation

3 (13.0 %)

2 (18.2 %)

13 (35.1 %)

b0.135

Coma

1 (4.3 %)

5 (45.5 %)

22 (59.5 %)

b<0.001d

Seizures

0 (0.0 %)

2 (18.2 %)

8 (21.6 %)

c 0.037d

Drowsiness

4 (17.4 %)

2 (18.2 %)

3 (8.1 %)

c 0.438

Hallucination

3 (13.0 %)

1 (9.1 %)

3 (8.1 %)

c 0.862

Hyporeflexia

0 (0.0 %)

0 (0.0 %)

5 (13.5 %)

c 0.133

Miosis

2 (8.7 %)

2 (18.2 %)

7 (18.9 %)

c 0.599

Mydriasis

0 (0.0 %)

0 (0.0 %)

4 (10.8 %)

c 0.275

Chest pain

11 (47.8 %)

4 (36.4 %)

11 (29.7 %)

b0.386

Cardiac arrest

0 (0.0 %)

0 (0.0 %)

2 (5.4 %)

c 0.658

Shock

0 (0.0 %)

0 (0.0 %)

9 (24.3 %)

c 0.009d

Dyspnea

15 (65.2 %)

5 (45.5 %)

9 (24.3 %)

b0.007d

Cyanosis

0 (0.0 %)

0 (0.0 %)

11 (29.7 %)

0.002d

Vomiting

6 (26.1 %)

4 (36.4 %)

12 (32.4 %)

c 0.801

Epigastric pain

3 (13.0 %)

3 (27.3 %)

7 (18.9 %)

c 0.586

  1. ER: Emergency room, ICU: Intensive care unit. Data presents as number (percent) unless mentioned otherwise. aIndependent t-test. bChi square test. cFishers Exact test. dSignificant (< 0.050