Variables | ER observation (N = 23) | Ward admission (N = 11) | ICU admission (N = 37) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics and substance characteristics | |||||
Age (years), Mean ± SD | 25.0 ± 11.2 | 27.3 ± 5.3 | 24.7 ± 9.5 | a0.733 | |
Age categories (years) | < 20 | 11 (47.8 %) | 0 (0.0 %) | 13 (35.1 %) | c 0.014d |
20 − 39 | 9 (39.1 %) | 11 (100.0 %) | 20 (54.1 %) | ||
40 − 50 | 3 (13.0 %) | 0 (0.0 %) | 4 (10.8 %) | ||
Sex | Male | 23 (100.0 %) | 11 (100.0 %) | 35 (94.6 %) | c 0.658 |
Female | 0 (0.0 %) | 0 (0.0 %) | 2 (5.4 %) | ||
Type of substance | Mixed substances | 12 (52.2 %) | 8 (72.7 %) | 19 (51.4 %) | b0.434 |
Voodoo only | 11 (47.8 %) | 3 (27.3 %) | 18 (48.6 %) | ||
Delay time (hours) | 1 − 2 | 11 (47.8 %) | 2 (18.2 %) | 14 (37.8 %) | c 0.170 |
3 | 8 (34.8 %) | 3 (27.3 %) | 8 (21.6 %) | ||
≥ 4.0 | 4 (17.4 %) | 6 (54.5 %) | 15 (40.5 %) | ||
Clinical presentation | |||||
Tachycardia | 2 (8.7 %) | 0 (0.0 %) | 20 (54.1 %) | b<0.001d | |
Bradycardia | 0 (0.0 %) | 2 (18.2 %) | 8 (21.6 %) | c 0.037d | |
Hypertension | 1 (4.3 %) | 0 (0.0 %) | 7 (18.9 %) | c 0.114 | |
Hypotension | 0 (0.0 %) | 0 (0.0 %) | 9 (24.3 %) | c 0.009 | |
Tachypnea | 0 (0.0 %) | 5 (45.5 %) | 14 (37.8 %) | b0.002d | |
Bradypnea | 0 (0.0 %) | 0 (0.0 %) | 10 (27.0 %) | c 0.004 | |
Fever | 0 (0.0 %) | 0 (0.0 %) | 2 (5.4 %) | c 0.658 | |
Agitation | 3 (13.0 %) | 2 (18.2 %) | 13 (35.1 %) | b0.135 | |
Coma | 1 (4.3 %) | 5 (45.5 %) | 22 (59.5 %) | b<0.001d | |
Seizures | 0 (0.0 %) | 2 (18.2 %) | 8 (21.6 %) | c 0.037d | |
Drowsiness | 4 (17.4 %) | 2 (18.2 %) | 3 (8.1 %) | c 0.438 | |
Hallucination | 3 (13.0 %) | 1 (9.1 %) | 3 (8.1 %) | c 0.862 | |
Hyporeflexia | 0 (0.0 %) | 0 (0.0 %) | 5 (13.5 %) | c 0.133 | |
Miosis | 2 (8.7 %) | 2 (18.2 %) | 7 (18.9 %) | c 0.599 | |
Mydriasis | 0 (0.0 %) | 0 (0.0 %) | 4 (10.8 %) | c 0.275 | |
Chest pain | 11 (47.8 %) | 4 (36.4 %) | 11 (29.7 %) | b0.386 | |
Cardiac arrest | 0 (0.0 %) | 0 (0.0 %) | 2 (5.4 %) | c 0.658 | |
Shock | 0 (0.0 %) | 0 (0.0 %) | 9 (24.3 %) | c 0.009d | |
Dyspnea | 15 (65.2 %) | 5 (45.5 %) | 9 (24.3 %) | b0.007d | |
Cyanosis | 0 (0.0 %) | 0 (0.0 %) | 11 (29.7 %) | 0.002d | |
Vomiting | 6 (26.1 %) | 4 (36.4 %) | 12 (32.4 %) | c 0.801 | |
Epigastric pain | 3 (13.0 %) | 3 (27.3 %) | 7 (18.9 %) | c 0.586 |