Table 1 Bivariable and multivariable GEE analysis of factors associated with inability to access services among PWUD

PTSD

 (≥31 vs. < 31)

2.13 (1.44–3.15)

< 0.001*

1.69 (1.12–2.55)

< 0.0012*

Median Age

  (≥median vs. <median)

0.45 (0.30–0.67)

< 0.001*

–

–

Gender

  (female vs. male)

1.01 (0.66–1.53)

0.971

–

–

  (gender minority vs. male)

1.61 (0.45–5.72)

0.464

–

–

Sexual Orientation

  (straight vs. others)

0.62 (0.38–1.01)

0.055

0.55 (0.33–0.92)

0.022*

Ethnicity

  (white vs. BIPOC)*

1.10 (0.74–1.63)

0.636

–

–

Homelessness^a

  (yes vs. no)

13.66 (8.96–20.83)

< 0.001*

13.84 (8.96–21.36)

< 0.001*

Recent Incarceration^a

  (yes vs. no)

5.06 (2.66–9.62)

< 0.001*

–

–

Sex Work Involvement^a

  (yes vs. no)

1.59 (0.88–2.86)

0.124

–

–

Overdose^a

  (yes vs. no)

2.51 (1.59–3.98)

< 0.001*

–

–

Employment^a

  (yes vs. no)

0.95 (0.62–1.45)

0.815

–

–

Alcohol Binge^a

  (yes vs. no)

1.50 (0.94–2.40)

0.090

–

–

Daily Prescription Opioid Use^a

  (yes vs. no)

0.85 (0.24–2.97)

0.800

–

–

Daily Heroin Use^a

  (yes vs. no)

1.87 (1.26–2.76)

0.002*

–

–

Daily Crack Use^a

  (yes vs. no)

0.54 (0.27–1.10)

0.088

–

–

Daily Cocaine Use^a

  (yes vs. no)

0.70 (0.27–1.85)

0.478

–

–

Daily Meth Use^a

  (yes vs. no)

2.09 (1.33–3.29)

0.001*

–

–

Cohort

  (ACCESS vs. VIDUS)

0.58 (0.39–0.88)

0.010*