Table 1 Policy actions by seven commercial insurers and Medicaid-for-service for prescribing opioid analgesics by year, Michigan

LIMITATIONS on number days initial prescrpiton

8

4

4

7

11

22

27

83

8

PRIOR AUTHORIZATION on initial prescription

9

7

5

9

13

16

18

77

8

Formulary limitation

5

1

3

5

10

12

24

60

8

Registry of patients

11

4

6

6

6

7

18

58

8

Pharmacy safety review/step edit

4

6

6

9

6

14

12

57

8

PRIOR AUTHORIZATION for long-acting/extended release opioids

6

2

5

4

3

6

10

36

8

LIMITATIONS on providers

4

6

5

7

3

8

3

36

8

LIMITATIONS on number refills

6

2

3

2

0

10

13

36

7

LIMITATIONS on dosages within formulary

4

1

2

2

5

7

9

30

7

PRIOR AUTHORIZATIONS for refill prescription(s)

1

3

2

1

1

8

9

25

7

PRIOR AUTHORIZATIONS for higher potency opioids

2

1

2

1

1

5

9

25

8

Feedback to providers on opioid prescribing

2

2

0

3

0

1

1

9

3

Incentives to providers

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

Total

62

39

43

56

59

116

154

529