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Table 3 Linear mixed model of fatigue (FSS-9) adjusted for sociodemographic and clinical factors (N = 654)

From: Impact of clinical and sociodemographic factors on fatigue among patients with substance use disorder: a cohort study from Norway for the period 2016–2020

Fixed effects

 
 

Effect estimate

Time trend (per year)

Estimate (95% CI)

p-value

Slope (95% CI)

p-value

FSS-9 sum score

42 (26–58)

< .001

3.6 (−23.5–30.7)

0.792

Female

4.1 (1.3–7.0)

0.005

−0.3 (−4.5–3.8)

0.877

Age per 10 years1)

0.2 (−1.0–1.4)

0.755

−0.2 (− 2.1–1.7)

0.844

Educational level

− 1.1 (− 2.6–0.3)

0.132

−0.3 (− 2.3–1.7)

0.754

Unstable housing situation

0.0 (−3.7–3.7)

0.992

2.6 (− 3.6–8.8)

0.408

Debt difficulties

2.9 (0.4–5.3)

0.022

−0.2 (− 3.8–3.3)

0.898

Injecting substance use

−0.1 (− 2.9–2.7)

0.944

−0.7 (− 4.6–3.3)

0.740

Frequent use of substances

Benzodiazepines

5.7 (3.0–8.4)

< .001a

−4.4 (−8.2 – − 0.7)

0.021

Alcohol

1.8 (−1.1–4.6)

0.221

0.6 (−3.5–4.7)

0.776

Cannabis

1.2 (− 1.4–3.8)

0.356

1.8 (− 1.7–5.3)

0.309

Opioids

3.3 (− 0.3–6.9)

0.069

−4.6 (− 10.8–1.7)

0.149

Stimulants2)

− 5.0 (− 8.0− 2.0)

0.001 a

2.1 (− 2.1–6.3)

0.327

Chronic infectious diseases

Hepatitis B virus infection

3.3 (− 10.4–16.9)

0.638

−2.6 (− 16.8–11.5)

0.715

Hepatitis C virus infection

 - Detected

3.0 (− 5.4–11.4)

0.484

0.7 (− 18.7–20.1)

0.941

 - Low vs. high viral load

− 0.4 (− 10.3–10.9)

0.948

− 7.0 (− 17.1–3.0)

0.169

HIV

− 0.1 (− 15.3–15.5)

0.994

13.0 (− 6.8–32.7)

0.197

Liver stiffness

 Transient elastography per 10 kPa

1.2 (−1.6–4.0)

0.391

−5.5 (− 9.9 – − 1.0)

0.016

 APRI score per 1 unit

0.5 (− 0.6–1.5)

0.378

1.4 (− 0.9–3.6)

0.230

Hematologic and biochemical blood samples (continuous variables)

 Hemoglobin per 1 unit (g/dL)

−0.3 (− 1.1–0.6)

0.513

0.3 (− 0.9–1.5)

0.622

 eGFR per 30 units (ml/min/1.73m2)

0.0 (− 2.0–0.9)

0.453

0.0 (− 2.0–1.9)

0.973

 CRP per 10 units (ml/L)

−0.1 (− 0.6–0.7)

0.848

0.0 (− 0.1–0.2)

0.682

  1. The table displays a linear mixed model analysis (Restricted Maximum Likelihood regression) evaluating sociodemographic and clinical factors’ (predictors) changes in the FSS-9 sum score at baseline and the predictors’ influence on changes in the FSS-9 sum score (time trend) per year from baseline. The predictors’ effect estimates and time trends estimate adjusted mean differences in the FSS-9 sum score
  2. APRI aspartate transaminase to platelet ratio index, CI confidence interval, CRP C-reactive protein, FSS-9 nine-item fatigue severity scale, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, HIV human immunodeficiency virus, kPa Kilopascal, OAT opioid agonist therapy
  3. 1) Age per 10 years was centred according to mean age (43 years) in the study sample at baseline. 2) Includes amphetamine or cocaine use. The educational level: highest level of education was coded 0–4 with 4 as the highest educational level. Unstable housing situation: living on the street, homeless shelter, or with family and friends at any time during the past 30 days prior to the health assessment. Debt difficulties: struggling with repaying current illegal and legal debt. Injecting substance use: Having injected substance during the past 12 months prior to the health assessment. Frequent use of substances: at least weekly during the past 12 months prior to the health assessment. Viral load of HCV: From − 0.5 to 0.5, where the range ≥ − 0.5 to < 0 represents the low viral load (HCV PCR < 800,000 IE/ml), and the range ≤ 0.5 to > 0 identifies the high viral load (HCV PCR ≥ 800,000 IE/ml). Zero (0) defined patients without HCV infection
  4. a) Statistically significant results when using Bonferroni corrected p-values (αaltered = 0.05 / 41 = 0.0012)