Table 1 Overview of treatment protocols

Mindfulness Based Relapse Prevention (MBRP) [13]

8, 120-min group sessions

Automatic Pilot and Relapse. Primary practices: raisin exercise (mindful interaction with an ordinary object) and body scan meditation.

Awareness of Triggers and Craving. Primary practices: urge surfing and grounding meditation.

Mindfulness in Daily Life. Primary practices: mindfulness of breath and Stop Observe Breathe Expand Respond (SOBER space) introduction.

Mindfulness in High-Risk Situations.

Primary practices: open awareness and walking meditation.

Acceptance and Skillful Action. Primary practices: SOBER space in difficult situations and mindful movement.

Seeing Thoughts as Thoughts. Primary practice: acknowledgment of thinking meditation.

Self-Care and Lifestyle Balance. Primary practice: loving-kindness meditation.

Social Support and Continuing Practice. Primary practice: concluding meditation (planting the seeds for continued mindfulness)

N/A

N/A

Impulsivity (+), craving (+), stress reactivity (+)

Anxiety (+), depression (+), gender (−)

Mindfulness Oriented Recovery Enhancement (MORE) [22]

10, 120-min group sessions

Mindfulness and the Automatic Habit of Addiction.

Primary practice: chocolate exercise (mindful interaction with an ordinary object) and mindfulness of breath meditation.

Mindful Reappraisal. Primary practice: the power of reappraisal.

Focus on Savoring. Primary practice: mindful savoring (open awareness meditation).

Seeing Through the Illusion of Craving. Primary practice: chocolate exercise (breaking down the elements of craving and noticing the fleeting nature of urges).

Overcoming Craving and Coping with Stress.

Primary practices: stress exposure and relaxation exercise and body scan meditation.

Attachment, Aversion, and Acceptance. Primary practices: thought suppression exercise and acceptance of cravings.

The Impermanent Body. Primary practices: impermanent body meditation and walking meditation.

Relationships and Relapse. Primary practice: loving-kindness meditation.

Interdependence and Finding Meaning. Primary practice: interdependence meditation.

Recovery and the Road Ahead. Primary practice: visualization of future self exercise.

Craving (+), cue reactivity (+), pain intensity (+)

Attentional bias (+), affective state (+), late positive potential (+)

Mindful Awareness in Body-Oriented Therapy (MABT) [23, 24]

8, 90-min group sessions

Identify Body Sensations. Primary practice: body literacy.

Articulate Body Sensations. Primary practice: self-massage.

Identifying and Attending to Internal Sensations.

Primary practice: mindfulness of breath meditation.

Softening of Tension. Primary practices: tissue softening exercise and internal body attention exercise.

Sustained Mindful Attention. Primary practice: maintaining awareness on specific areas of the body.

Shift in Understanding. Primary practice: noticing internal shifts.

Reappraisal. Primary practice: reappraisal based on experiential awareness.

Interoceptive Awareness and Everyday Life. Primary practice: embodied self- awareness.

N/A

N/A

Interoceptive awareness (+), mindfulness skills (−)

Symptomatic distress (−)

Mindfulness-Based Addiction Treatment (MBAT) [25, 26]

8, 120-min group sessions

Automatic Pilot. Primary practice: breathing space.

Barriers to Mindfulness. Primary practice: body scan.

Mindful Breathing. Primary practice: mindfulness of the breath.

The Arising and Passing Away of Thoughts. Primary practice: traditional sitting meditation.

Being With What Is. Scheduled “quit day.” Primary practice: mindful movement (e.g., yoga)

Thoughts Are Just Thoughts. Primary practice: open awareness.

Taking Care of Yourself. Primary practice: integrating pleasant activities into everyday life.

Maintaining Mindfulness Going Forward. Primary practice: continue to use the skills learned in future situations.

N/A

N/A

Tobacco dependence (+), withdrawal (−), craving (+)

Negative affect (+), stress (+)

Mindfulness Training for Smoking Cessation (MTS) [16, 27]

8, 90-min group sessions

Habituation. Primary practice: introduction to mindfulness

Awareness of Triggers and Craving. Primary practice: Recognize, Accept,

Investigate, and Note (RAIN) what cravings feel like as they arise practice.

Working with Stress and Negative Emotions. Primary practice: loving-kindness meditation.

Coping with Craving and Committing to Quit (“Quit Day”).

Primary practice: urge surfing.

Mindfulness in Everyday Life. Primary practices: awareness of breath and walking meditation.

Automatic Pilot. Primary practice: noting meditation.

Acceptance. Primary practice: how our current thoughts and beliefs plant the seeds for future emotional states.

Course Summary. Primary practice: how to continue down the path of mindfulness.

N/A

N/A

Craving (+), abstinence from tobacco (+)

Stress reactivity (+), positive/negative affect (−)

Moment-by- Moment in Women’s Recovery (MMWR) [17, 28, 29]

8, 90-min group sessions and 1, 4-h “retreat day”

Introduction to Mindfulness. Primary practice: meditation of triggers.

Bringing Awareness to Thoughts, Emotions, Body Sensations, and Actions. Primary practices: mindful eating practice and standing body scan.

The Role of Perceptions in Relapse. Primary practice: noting practice.

Using Mindfulness to Deal with Negative Emotions.

Primary practice: loving-kindness meditation.

The Role of Guilt and Shame in Relapse. Primary practice: mindfulness of painful thoughts and emotions.

Mindful Communication. Primary practice: difficult communication meditation.

Retreat Day.

Primary practices: a compilation of all of the formal practices taught throughout the course.

Anger, Self- Violence, and Violence Towards Others. Primary practices: warning signs of anger and loving-kindness meditation.

Summary and Farewell. Primary practices: closing ritual and graduation ceremony.

N/A

Yes; Mindfulness (+), craving (+)

Yes; Affect (−), emotion regulation and distress tolerance (+)

Note: (+) = effect found, (−) = effect not found