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Table 1 Opium and Cardiovascular problems

From: The effects of opium on the cardiovascular system: a review of side effects, uses, and potential mechanisms

Opium and

Atherosclerosis

Potential risk factor

[10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18]

Potential protective factor

[1], [19]

Impartial factor

[20,21,22,23,24,25]

MI

Potential risk factor

[26,27,28,29,30,31]

Potential protective factor

[32,33,34,35]

Impartial factor

[36,37,38,39,40]

Arrhythmias

Potential risk factor

[41], [37], [21], [39], [42], [43], [44], [45]

Potential protective factor

[46]

Impartial factor

[47]

Ejection Fraction

Potential risk factor

[24], [22], [21, 48], [42], [49], [50]

Impartial factor

[1], [12], [26], [32, 47], [16], [3, 51], [38], [33], [23, 39, 52,53,54]

Cardiovascular mortality

Potential risk factor

[21], [24], [37], [39], [55]

Potential protective factor

[32]

Impartial factor

[3], [33], [26], [38], [53], [56], [6, 29, 47, 52, 57, 58]