Table 2 Estimated crude and adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of prescription opioid positivity according to driver characteristics, marijuana positivity and alcohol positivity, 2011–16 Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) and 2013–14 National Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use by Drivers (NRS)
Characteristic | FARSa | NRSb | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prescription Opioids | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Prescription Opioidsc | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |||
Positive (n = 3278) No. (%) | Negative (n = 44,324) No. (%) | Positive (n = 341) No. (%)d | Negative (n = 7540) No. (%)d | |||||
Age (years) | ||||||||
 15–24 | 322 (9.8) | 9975 (22.5) | Reference | Reference | 29 (9.7) | 2156 (28.9) | Reference | Reference |
 25–39 | 1114 (34.0) | 13388 (30.2) | 2.58 (2.27, 2.93) | 2.80 (2.44, 3.20) | 118 (38.5) | 2424 (33.2) | 3.45 (2.02, 5.87) | 3.77 (2.23, 6.38) |
 40–64 | 1490 (45.5) | 16105 (36.3) | 2.87 (2.53, 3.24) | 3.00 (2.63, 3.42) | 154 (43.5) | 2363 (32.7) | 3.95 (2.45, 6.35) | 4.16 (2.66, 6.50) |
 ≥ 65 | 352 (10.7) | 4856 (11.0) | 2.25 (1.92, 2.62) | 2.12 (1.79, 2.50) | 27 (8.3) | 406 (5.2) | 4.75 (2.24, 10.06) | 4.62 (2.19, 9.74) |
Sex | ||||||||
 Male | 2409 (73.5) | 34,569 (78.0) | Reference | Reference | 178 (52.0) | 4349 (56.8) | Reference | Reference |
 Female | 869 (26.5) | 9748 (22.0) | 1.28 (1.18, 1.39) | 1.25 (1.14, 1.36) | 156 (48.0) | 3092 (43.2) | 1.21 (0.90, 1.64) | 1.21 (0.91, 1.60) |
Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
 Non-Hispanic White | 2766 (92.5) | 33,265 (83.2) | Reference | Reference | 266 (77.2) | 4737 (60.3) | Reference | Reference |
 Non-Hispanic Black | 159 (5.3) | 4796 (12.0) | 0.40 (0.34, 0.47) | 0.36 (0.30, 0.42) | 51 (19.0) | 1508 (26.1) | 0.57 (0.39, 0.83) | 0.51 (0.35, 0.75) |
 Other | 65 (2.2) | 1935 (4.8) | 0.40 (0.32, 0.52) | 0.47 (0.36, 0.60) | 14 (3.8) | 1216 (13.6) | 0.22 (0.10, 0.49) | 0.24 (0.11, 0.53) |
Geographic region | ||||||||
 South | 1688 (51.5) | 19,166 (43.2) | Reference | Reference | 92 (37.7) | 1894 (41.3) | Reference | Reference |
 Midwest | 676 (20.6) | 9711 (21.9) | 1.17 (1.01, 1.34) | 0.92 (0.78, 1.09) | 91 (25.6) | 1816 (20.3) | 1.38 (0.87, 2.19) | 1.36 (0.87, 2.14) |
 Northeast | 302 (9.2) | 5057 (11.4) | 1.48 (1.30, 1.67) | 1.29 (1.10, 1.51) | 73 (21.6) | 1379 (17.3) | 1.37 (0.83, 2.28) | 1.22 (0.73, 2.04) |
 West | 612 (18.7) | 10,390 (23.4) | 0.99 (0.86, 1.14) | 0.81 (0.68, 0.96) | 85 (15.1) | 2451 (21.1) | 0.78 (0.47, 1.30) | 1.02 (0.64, 1.63) |
Testing positive for marijuana | ||||||||
 No | 2751 (83.9) | 37,396 (84.4) | Reference | Reference | 305 (88.0) | 7020 (92.3) | Reference | Reference |
 Yes | 527 (16.1) | 6928 (15.6) | 1.03 (0.94, 1.14) | 1.28 (1.15, 1.42) | 36 (12.0) | 520 (7.7) | 1.62 (1.04, 2.51) | 2.03 (1.29, 3.20) |
Testing positive for alcohol | ||||||||
 No | 2170 (66.2) | 25,436 (57.4) | Reference | Reference | 326 (97.3) | 7134 (94.6) | Reference | Reference |
 Yes | 1108 (33.8) | 18,888 (42.6) | 0.69 (0.64, 0.74) | 0.68 (0.63, 0.74) | 15 (2.7) | 406 (5.4) | 0.50 (0.22, 1.14) | 0.56 (0.24, 1.31) |