Table 3 Standardized Predictors in Bivariate and Domain-Specific Analyses

Need

Intercept

− 0.288 (0.168)

AIDS per 10 k population

− 0.056 (0.097)

Change AIDS among PWID per capita

    0.062 (0.067)

Intercept

− 0.617 (0.153)

− 0.617 (0.153)

HIV among PWID per capita

− 0.193 (0.128) ^†

− 0.193 (0.128) ^†

Change HIV among PWID per capita

    0.066 (0.058) ^†

    0.066 (0.058) ^†

HIV among PWID per capita * Time

    0.051 (0.027) ^†

    0.051 (0.027) ^†

HIV among PWID per capita * Time²

− 0.001 (0.002) ^†

− 0.001 (0.002) ^†

Resource Availability: General Resources

Intercept

− 0.054 (0.092)

− 0.263 (0.211)

Percent of population in poverty

− 0.185 (0.084) ^†

− 0.224 (0.122) ^†

Change percent of population in poverty

    0.355 (0.163) ^†

    0.398 (0.172) ^†

Change percent poverty * Time

− 0.068 (0.028) ^†

− 0.067 (0.029) ^†

Change percent poverty * Time²

    0.003 (0.001) ^†

    0.003 (0.001) ^†

Intercept

− 0.266 (0.124)

Long-term debt per capita

− 0.168 (0.089)

Change long-term debt per capita

    0.015 (0.054)

Intercept

− 0.179 (0.103)

− 0.263 (0.211)

Unemployment rate

    0.078 (0.087) ^†

    0.221 (0.096) ^†

Change unemployment rate

    0.251 (0.068) ^†

    0.217 (0.076) ^†

Change unemployment rate * Time

− 0.093 (0.017) ^†

− 0.093 (0.019) ^†

Change unemployment rate * Time²

    0.005 (0.001) ^†

    0.005 (0.001) ^†

Intercept

− 0.545 (0.196)

− 0.263 (0.211)

Median household income

    0.217 (0.084) ^†

    0.109 (0.108) ^†

Change median household income

− 0.535 (0.192) ^†

− 0.141 (0.211) ^†

Change household income * Time

    0.070 (0.026) ^†

    0.008 (0.030) ^†

Change household income * Time²

− 0.003 (0.001) ^†

    0.000 (0.001) ^†

Resource Availability: Specific Resources

Intercept

− 0.078 (0.086)

− 0.335 (0.117)

Community/public health research & social work workforce

    0.445 (0.073) ^†

    0.462 (0.075) ^†

Change in public health research & social work workforce

− 0.001 (0.051) ^†

    0.001 (0.053) ^†

Intercept

− 0.318 (0.122)

− 0.335 (0.117)

Health expenditures per capita

    0.229 (0.092) ^†

    0.154 (0.080) ^†

Change health expenditures per capita

− 0.042 (0.053) ^†

− 0.061 (0.051) ^†

Institutional Opposition: Legal Repressiveness

Intercept

− 0.073 (0.092)

Drug arrests rate for possession of heroin or cocaine

    0.141 (0.085)

Change drug arrests rate for possession of heroin or cocaine

    0.005 (0.026)

Intercept

− 0.353 (0.120)

Correction expenditures per capita

− 0.031 (0.092)

Change correction expenditures per capita

− 0.088 (0.040)

Institutional Opposition: Racial Structure

Intercept

− 0.070 (0.094)

Ratio of Black to White median household income

    0.040 (0.088)

Change Ratio of Black to White median household income

    0.042 (0.050)

Intercept

− 0.271 (0.106)

− 0.271 (0.106)

Ratio of Black to White Poverty

− 0.103 (0.081) ^†

− 0.103 (0.081) ^†

Change Ratio of Black to White Poverty

    0.763 (0.202) ^†

    0.763 (0.202) ^†

Change Ratio of Black to White Poverty * Time

− 0.077 (0.032) ^†

− 0.077 (0.032) ^†

Change Ratio of Black to White Poverty * Time²

    0.002 (0.001) ^†

    0.002 (0.001) ^†

Intercept

− 0.067 (0.093)

Ratio of Black to White unemployment

− 0.074 (0.087)

Change Ratio of Black to White unemployment

    0.100 (0.036)

Institutional Support: “Liberalism” of Public Policies

Intercept

− 0.078 (0.079)

− 0.291 (0.125)

Right-to-work-state (in 1993)

− 0.459 (0.071) ^†

− 0.463 (0.082) ^†

Intercept

− 0.276 (0.133)

− 0.291 (0.125)

Education expenditures per capita

    0.222 (0.088) ^†

    0.034 (0.083)

Change education expenditures per capita

    0.002 (0.041) ^†

− 0.007 (0.041)

Institutional Support: Group Pressure

Intercept

− 0.078 (0.094)

Number of “early” groups (in 1993) per 10 k population

− 0.036 (0.086)

Intercept

− 0.078 (0.089)

− 0.078 (0.089)

Institutional Support: Service Symbiosis

Ever had syringe exchange program, by 1993

    0.230 (0.082) ^†

   0.230 (0.082) ^†