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Table 2 Statistical description of independent variables across MSAs & across all years for which outcome data was available

From: Predictors of historical change in drug treatment coverage among people who inject drugs in 90 large metropolitan areas in the USA, 1993–2007

Variable, Outcome years to which lagged variables were matched (where 1994, 1999, and 2001 are missing)

Mean (SD)

Median (Q25- Q75)

Minimum

Maximum

Data Source

Need

 AIDS diagnosis per 10,000 population, 1997–2007*

8.88 (7.18)

6.65 (4.09–1-.40)

0.68

55.59

CDC AIDS Surveillance, 20101

 HIV prevalence rate among PWID, 1996–2006**

8.09 (6.55)

5.90 (3.70–10.0)

1.90

43.50

Tempalski et al., 20092

Resource Availability: General resources

 Percent of population in poverty (1993–2007)***

11.55 (3.47)

10.98 (9.42–12.88)

4.34

29.20

US Census Bureau, 19903

 Unemployment rate (1993–2007) ***

5.35 (1.90)

5.10 (4.20–6.10)

1.80

15.90

US Census Bureau, 19903

 Median household income (1993–2007) ***

46,505.35 (9040.40)

44,359.76

(40,225.57–51,088.0)

29,554.99

83,318.0

US Census Bureau, 19903

 Long-term debt per capita, 1993–2007a

3.65 (1.69)

3.33 (2.38–4.59)

0.64

10.60

Surveys of Govt Finances, 20074

Specialized resources

 Percent community & public health researchers & social workers in the workforce (1993–2007) ***

0.75 (0.28)

0.75 (0.62–0.90)

−0.28

1.63

Bureau of Health Professions Area Resource File, 20125

 Health expenditures per capita, 1993–2007a

0.09 (0.07)

0.07 (0.04–0.14)

0.002

0.60

Surveys of Govt Finances, 20074

Institutional Opposition: Legal repressiveness/penalties

 Drug arrests rate for possession of heroin or cocaine per PWID (1994–2007) **

14.10 (11.19)

11.50 (6.18–18.82)

0.05

69.02

FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting, 20106

 Correction expenditures per capita, 1993–2007a

0.06 (0.03)

0.05 (0.04–0.16)

0.00

0.16

Surveys of Govt Finances, 20074

Racial structures (1993–2007) ***

 Ratio of Black to White median household income

0.71 (0.15)

0.70 (0.62–0.76)

0.24

1.32

Center on Comparative Urban & Regional Research (CCURR), 20007

 Ratio of Black to White poverty

3.37 (0.93)

3.37 (2.78–3.86)

0.63

7.15

CCURR, 20007

 Ratio of Black to White unemployment

2.60 (0.59)

2.57 (2.21–2.94)

0.85

5.19

CCURR, 20007

Institutional Support: “Liberalism” of public policies

 Right-to-work-state, 1993a

Yes = 37%; No = 63%

 

0

1.0

Right to Work Legal Defense, 20008

 Education expenditures per capita, 1993–2007a

1.28 (0.31)

1.23 (1.06–1.45)

0.63

3.53

Surveys of Govt Finances, 20074

Pressure from below

 Number of types of “early” groups per 10,000 population, 1993a

0.003 (0.004)

0.00 (0.00–0.005)

0.00

0.02

NAMM,1993; Brown & Beschner, 1993; NIDA, 20019

Service symbiosis

 Ever had syringe exchange program, since 1993a

Yes = 47%; No = 53%

 

0

1.0

Beth Israel Medical Center; 200010

  1. * 5 year lag; ** 4 year lag; *** 3 year lag; a no lag associated with variable
  2. 1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Request data CDC AIDS Surveillance Data, 2010. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  3. 2 HIV Prevalence Rates as estimates by Tempalski, B., Pouget, E.R., Cleland, C.M., et al. (2013). Trends in the population prevalence of people who inject drugs in US Metropolitan Areas 1992–2007. PLoS ONE, 8 (6) e64789
  4. 3 US Census Bureau (1990) Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division: Poverty Index. In: Bureau UC, editor. Washington, DC
  5. 4 US Census of Governments. County area finances file, 1992, 1997, 2002, 2007. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau; 1992, 1997, 2002, 2007
  6. 5 Health Area Resources and Services Administration, Health Professional Shortage Area Website: http://www.hrsa.gov/shortage/. 2012
  7. 6 U.S. Department of Justice. Uniform Crime Reporting Statistics. County-level detailed arrest and offense data. 1993–2010
  8. 7 University at Albany, Lewis Mumford Center for Comparative Urban and Regional Research. 1990 race and residential segregation statistics. Available at: http://mumfordl.dyndns.org/cen2000/data.html. Accessed December 15, 2006
  9. 8 National Right to Work Legal Defense Foundation, http://www.nrtw.org/rtws.htm
  10. 9 Group types are: (1) chapters of National Association of Methadone Advocates by the end of 1993, or (2) presence of an “early outreach project,” defined as a participant in the NIDA-funded NADR or Cooperative Agreement projects
  11. 10 Beth Israel National Survey of Syringe Exchange Programs [database]. New York, NY: Beth Israel Medical Center; 1993–2007
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Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy

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