From: Gambling symptoms, behaviors, and cognitive distortions in Japanese university students
Gamblers | Disordered gamblers | At-risk gamblers | Non-problem gamblers | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 342 | n = 75 | n = 49 | n = 218 | |
Mean (SD, skewness) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |
Gambling behaviors during past 1 month | ||||
Number of days | 2.85 (5.98, 2.68) | 7.95 (8.43) | 4.04 (6.14) | 0.83 (3.20) |
Amount money (JPY) | 16293.86 (65504.46, 11.41) | 43704.00 (117016.48) | 27853.06 (75329.63) | 4265.60 (19567.78) |
Gambling history (month) | 15.73 (25.55, 2.13) | 29.48 (28.87) | 25.90 (28.58) | 8.71 (20.57) |
Gambling symptoms | ||||
South Oaks Gambling Screen | 2.77 (2.43, 1.45) | 6.77 (1.74) | 3.45 (0.50) | 1.24 (0.43) |
Gambling cognitive distortions | ||||
Gambling Related Cognitions Scale | ||||
Total | 54.64 (27.74, 0.67) | 79.67 (25.94) | 64.71 (23.00) | 43.77 (22.48) |
Illusion of control | 8.23 (4.96, 1.06) | 11.47 (5.38) | 10.00 (4.86) | 6.72 (4.12) |
Predictive control | 15.08 (8.01, 0.50) | 20.72 (7.52) | 18.86 (7.40) | 12.29 (6.89) |
Interpretative bias | 10.41 (6.36, 0.60) | 15.25 (5.62) | 12.76 (5.49) | 8.22 (5.66) |
Gambling expectancies | 9.58 (5.55, 0.71) | 14.64 (5.12) | 11.10 (5.02) | 7.49 (4.48) |
Inability to stop gambling | 11.34 (7.06, 1.05) | 17.59 (7.25) | 12.00 (5.89) | 9.04 (5.82) |