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Table 3 Participants’ gambling behaviors, symptoms, and cognitive distortions

From: Gambling symptoms, behaviors, and cognitive distortions in Japanese university students

 

Gamblers

Disordered gamblers

At-risk gamblers

Non-problem gamblers

n = 342

n = 75

n = 49

n = 218

Mean (SD, skewness)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Gambling behaviors during past 1 month

 Number of days

2.85 (5.98, 2.68)

7.95 (8.43)

4.04 (6.14)

0.83 (3.20)

 Amount money (JPY)

16293.86 (65504.46, 11.41)

43704.00 (117016.48)

27853.06 (75329.63)

4265.60 (19567.78)

 Gambling history (month)

15.73 (25.55, 2.13)

29.48 (28.87)

25.90 (28.58)

8.71 (20.57)

Gambling symptoms

 South Oaks Gambling Screen

2.77 (2.43, 1.45)

6.77 (1.74)

3.45 (0.50)

1.24 (0.43)

Gambling cognitive distortions

 Gambling Related Cognitions Scale

  Total

54.64 (27.74, 0.67)

79.67 (25.94)

64.71 (23.00)

43.77 (22.48)

  Illusion of control

8.23 (4.96, 1.06)

11.47 (5.38)

10.00 (4.86)

6.72 (4.12)

  Predictive control

15.08 (8.01, 0.50)

20.72 (7.52)

18.86 (7.40)

12.29 (6.89)

  Interpretative bias

10.41 (6.36, 0.60)

15.25 (5.62)

12.76 (5.49)

8.22 (5.66)

  Gambling expectancies

9.58 (5.55, 0.71)

14.64 (5.12)

11.10 (5.02)

7.49 (4.48)

  Inability to stop gambling

11.34 (7.06, 1.05)

17.59 (7.25)

12.00 (5.89)

9.04 (5.82)

  1. SD standard deviation, JPY Japanese yen