Table 2 Characteristics of user and non-user students according to predictor variables

Last year user

Non user

Last year user

Non user

Last year user

Non user

Last year user

Non user

N = 577 N (%)

N = 6753 N (%)

N = 1459 N (%)

N = 5403 N (%)

N = 193 N (%)

N = 7137 N (%)

N = 807 N (%)

N = 6523 N (%)

 Family members’ cigarette/hookah use

253 (43.8%)

1612 (23.9%)

600 (41.12%)

1114 (18.97%)

92 (47.7%)

1114 (15.60%)

297 (36.8%)

1114 (17.07%)

 Family members’ alcohol use

132 (22.9%)

211 (3.1%)

169 (11.58%)

153 (2.6%)

53 (27.5%)

153 (2.14%)

70 (8.7%)

153 (2.34%)

 Family members’ drug use

144 (25%)

197 (2.9%)

116 (7.59%)

148 (2.52%)

41 (21.2%)

148 (2.07%)

70 (8.7%)

148 (2.26%)

 Family members’ prescribed medications use

144 (25%)

831 (12.3%)

298 (20.42)

586 (9.98%)

56 (29.01%)

586 (8.21%)

207 (25.7%)

586 (8.98%)

 Peers’ drug use

245 (42.5%)

579 (8.6%)

399 (27.34%)

399 (6.79%)

142 (73.57%)

399 (5.59%)

163 (20.2%)

399 (6.11%)

Predictors

Last year user Mean (SD)

Non user Mean (SD)

Last year user Mean (SD)

Non user Mean (SD)

Last year user Mean (SD)

Non user Mean (SD)

Last year user Mean (SD)

Non user Mean (SD)

 Low level of religious beliefs

2.45 (0.92)

1.61(0.67)

2.08 (0.63)

1.64 (0.70)

2.46 (0.96)

1.62 (0.69)

1.91 (0.85)

1.64 (0.70)

 self-esteem

2.08 (0.63)

2.97 (0.81)

2.08 (0.63)

2.94 (0.62)

2.06 (0.62)

2.31 (0.68)

2.08 (0.62)

2.12 (0.63)

 Stress and Psychological pressure

2.94 (0.69)

2.91 (0.65)

2.96 (0.67)

2.92 (0.65)

2.89 (0.73)

2.92 (0.65)

3.04 (0.64)

2.92 (0.65)

 Attention seeking

2.28 (0.60)

2.13 (0.60)

2.22 (0.57)

2.13 (0.58)

2.43 (0.66)

2.13 (0.58)

2.15 (0.56)

2.13 (0.58)

 Sensation seeking

3.01 (0.59)

2.76 (0.58)

2.97 (0.56)

2.47 (0.51)

3.09 (0.61)

2.77 (0.57)

2.91 (0.59)

2.77 (0.57)

 Depression and anxiety

2.70 (0.63)

2.45 (0.60)

2.78 (0.60)

2.48 (0.60)

2.76 (0.67)

2.48 (0.60)

2.74 (0.60)

2.48 (0.60)

 Individual’s positive attitude towards substance abuse

1.95 (0.72)

1.30 (0.74)

1.76 (0.68)

1.33 (0.73)

2.37 (0.81)

1.33 (0.73)

1.60 (0.80)

1.33 (0.73)

 Anger and aggression

2.09 (0.62)

1.66 (0.53)

1.99 (0.59)

1.70 (0.54)

2.29 (0.66)

1.70 (0.54)

1.92 (0.63)

1.70 (0.54)

Low level of intimacy between the family members

1.89 (0.66)

1.67 (0.57)

1.87 (0.65)

1.69 (0.57)

2.02 (0.79)

1.69 (0.57)

1.87 (0.64)

1.69 (0.57)

 Parent’s positive attitude towards substance use

1.64 (0.76)

1.28 (0.73)

1.54 (0.70)

1.29 (0.72)

1.87 (0.99)

1.29 (0.72)

1.40 (0.75)

1.29 (0.72)

 Peer’s positive attitude toward substance use

2.05 (0.75)

1.50 (0.79)

1.93 (0.72)

1.53 (0.78)

2.32 (0.85)

1.53 (0.78)

1.76 (0.82)

1.53 (0.78)

 Perceived prevalence of substance use among students

2.06 (0.70)

1.89 (0.71)

1.97 (0.70)

1.90 (0.66)

2.31 (0.72)

1.9 (0.70)

2.06 (0.67)

1.90 (0.70)

 Negative attitude toward the university

2.98 (0.50)

2.69 (0.52)

2.92 (0.51)

2.72 (0.52)

2.97 (0.52)

2.72 (0.52)

2.86 (0.51)

2.72 (0.52)

 Perceived availability to illegal drugs

2.59 (0.85)

2.47 (0.88)

2.58 (0.82)

2.48 (0.87)

2.84 (0.82)

2.48 (0.87)

2.69 (0.81)

2.48 (0.87)