Table 4 Bivariate and multivariate GEE analyses of factors associated with engaging in nonmedical prescription opioid use among older participants (n = 757)

Age (per year younger)

0.99 (0.97–1.00)

Any cocaine use^{b, c}

–

Any crack use^{b, c}

–

Any crystal meth use^{b, c}

1.97 (1.46–2.66)

Any heroin use^{b, c}

2.79 (2.08–3.74)

Any non-fatal overdose^{b, c}

1.76 (1.20–2.60)

Binge drug use^{b, c}

–

Caucasian ancestry

–

Difficulty accessing services^{b, d}

1.74 (1.32–2.29)

Drug dealing^b

1.87 (1.40–2.49)

Female

–

Homeless^b

–

Incarceration^b

1.55 (0.98–2.44)

Regular employment^b

–

Sex work^b

1.49 (1.00–2.22)