Skip to main content

Table 2 Bivariate and multivariate GEE analysis of factors associated with use of withdrawal management services in people who use drugs in Vancouver, Canada (n = 2001)

From: Use of withdrawal management services among people who use illicit drugs in Vancouver, Canada

 

Unadjusted

Adjusted

Characteristic

Odds Ratio

(95% CI)

p – value**

Odds Ratio

(95% CI)

p – value**

Male

 (yes vs. no)

1.26 (0.97–1.64)

0.084

1.62 (1.17–2.24)

0.004

White Ethnicity

 (yes vs. no)

1.07 (0.84–1.36)

0.599

–

–

Age

 (per 10 year increase)

0.66 (0.59–0.74)

< 0.001

0.81 (0.70–0.94)

0.005

Homelessness*

 (yes vs. no)

2.47 (2.01–3.04)

< 0.001

1.86 (1.45–2.38)

< 0.001

In a stable relationship

 (yes vs. no)

0.82 (0.67–1.01)

0.064

0.91 (0.72–1.14)

0.402

Incarceration*

 (yes vs. no)

1.54 (1.16–2.05)

0.003

–

–

Regular Employment*

 (yes vs. no)

0.98 (0.78–1.24)

0.878

–

–

Sex Work*

 (yes vs. no)

1.58 (1.18–2.12)

0.002

1.42 (0.95–2.11)

0.085

Daily Heroin Use*

 (yes vs. no)

1.58 (1.25–2.01)

< 0.001

–

–

Daily Cocaine Use*

 (yes vs. no)

1.97 (1.45–2.67)

< 0.001

1.40 (0.98–1.99)

0.066

Daily Methamphetamine Use*

 (yes vs. no)

1.33 (0.88–2.01)

0.179

–

–

Daily Prescription Opioid Use*

 (yes vs. no)

1.58 (1.11–2.24)

0.011

1.37 (0.92–2.04)

0.119

High Risk Alcohol Use*†

 (yes vs. no)

1.21 (0.94–1.56)

0.143

–

–

Binge Use (any substance)

 (yes vs. no)

1.63 (1.35–1.96)

< 0.001

1.34 (1.08–1.67)

0.009

Injection Drug Use (any substance)*

 (yes vs. no)

2.19 (1.68–2.85)

< 0.001

–

–

Overdose*

 (yes vs. no)

1.70 (1.19–2.44)

0.004

–

–

Use at Supervised Injection Facility*

 (yes vs. no)

2.24 (1.81–2.77)

< 0.001

1.66 (1.30–2.11)

< 0.001

Hospital Admission*

 (yes vs. no)

1.40 (1.13–1.73)

0.002

1.29 (0.99–1.67)

0.061

Mental Health illness

 (yes vs. no)

1.23 (0.96–1.57)

0.101

–

–

Opioid Agonist Therapy

 (yes vs. no)

0.94 (0.75–1.17)

0.556

–

–

Other Addiction Treatment/Supports*‡

 (yes vs. no)

3.64 (2.94–4.52)

< 0.001

3.34 (2.64–4.22)

< 0.001

  1. * in the last 6 months
  2. † as per NIAAA guidelines (> 3 drinks/day or 7 drinks/week for females and > 4 drinks/day or 14 drinks/week for males)
  3. ‡ Other than withdrawal management services or opioid agonist therapy
  4. ** A bivariate and multivariate generalized estimating equation (GEE) model was created based on examination of the quasi-likelihood under the independence model criterion (QIC) for GEE and p-values
Back to article page

Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy

ISSN: 1747-597X