Table 1 Family relations and management variables and their measures

Background Variables

Gender, age, level of education, cultural background, parental marital status, parental education, parental socio-economic status

[1]

Family Management

[1]

 Parental monitoring

Monitoring

[15]

Delinquency

[16]

 Discipline and Behavioural Control

Sharing, control through guilt, strictness, expression of affection, emotional support, parental direction, sharing, moderate autonomy, lax discipline, positive evaluation, negative evaluation, irritability, extreme autonomy, laissez-faire family style

[17, 18]

 Parental rewards

Good behaviour, achievement,

[31]

Substance use

 Adolescent and parental substance use

Intensity and frequency of alcohol use, intensity and frequency of alcohol use, frequency of other substance use, age at initiation of use

[14]