Table 3 Results of the multinomial logistic regression for sociodemographic characteristics (n = 4238)
From: Licit and illicit substance use patterns among university students in Germany using cluster analysis
|  | n (%) 4238 (100%) | Cluster 2: ‘Drinkers Only’ (n = 2053) | Cluster 3: ‘Drinkers and Cigarette Smokers’ (n = 621) | Cluster 4: ‘Cannabis and Licit Substance Users’ (n = 469) | Cluster 5: ‘Hookah Users with Co-Use’ (n = 418) | Cluster 6: ‘Illicit Substance Use with Co-Use’ (n = 226) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | ||||||
 Male | 1753 (41.4) | 0.91 (0.72–1.15) | 1.28 (0.98–1.68) | 2.66 (1.99–3.56)*** | 2.05 (1.52–2.76)*** | 2.09 (1.47–2.99)*** |
 Female | 2485 (58.6) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
Age | ||||||
  < 23 years | 1792 (42.3) | 1.29 (0.89–1.87) | 0.46 (0.30–0.70)** | 1.06 (0.64–1.76) | 7.07 (3.34–14.96)*** | 0.71 (0.39–1.29) |
 23 to 27 years | 1933 (45.6) | 1.49 (1.08–2.04)* | 1.00 (0.70–1.43) | 1.52 (0.98–2.35) | 4.96 (2.45–10.05)*** | 0.97 (0.58–1.64) |
  > 27 years | 513 (12.1) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
Immigrant background | ||||||
 Immigrant background | 368 (8.7) | 0.50 (0.37–0.70)*** | 0.59 (0.39–0.88)* | 0.83 (0.54–1.27) | 0.67 (0.42–1.05) | 1.01 (0.61–1.68) |
 No immigrant background | 3870 (91.3) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
Religious affiliation | ||||||
 Religious affiliation | 2164 (51.1) | 1.41 (1.14–1.74)*** | 0.98 (0.77–1.26) | 0.85 (0.65–1.12) | 1.12 (0.85–1.48) | 0.71 (0.51–1.00) |
 No religious affiliation | 2074 (48.9) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
Living situation | ||||||
 With other students | 1759 (41.5) | 2.28 (1.66–3.12)*** | 3.04 (2.03–4.57)*** | 5.32 (3.44–8.24)*** | 3.39 (2.25–5.11)*** | 4.88 (2.86–8.34)*** |
 Alone or with partner | 1929 (45.5) | 1.37 (1.02–1.82)* | 1.72 (1.18–2.53)* | 1.29 (0.84–2.00) | 1.18 (0.78–1.76) | 1.30 (0.75–2.24) |
 With parents | 550 (13.0) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
Years of university | ||||||
 1st year undergraduate | 868 (20.5) | 0.67 (0.45–0.98)* | 1.32 (0.84–2.07) | 0.97(0.58–1.59) | 1.05 (0.61–1.78) | 1.43 (0.79–2.59) |
 2nd year undergraduate | 825 (19.5) | 0.84 (0.57–1.23) | 1.24 (0.79–1.96) | 0.99 (0.60–1.63) | 1.02 (0.60–1.74) | 1.22 (0.67–2.22) |
 3rd year undergraduate | 704 (16.6) | 0.67 (0.46–0.97)* | 1.04 (0.68–1.60) | 0.93 (0.58–1.48) | 0.87 (0.51–1.46) | 0.88 (0.49–1.58) |
 4th year undergraduate | 419 (9.9) | 0.64 (0.42–0.97)* | 1.00 (0.62–1.62) | 1.03 (0.61–1.72) | 1.20 (0.68–2.10) | 1.14 (0.61–2.14) |
 5th year or more undergraduate | 507 (12.0) | 0.62 (0.43–0.90)* | 0.83 (0.54–1.28) | 0.80 (0.49–1.30) | 0.90 (0.52–1.57) | 0.59 (0.31–1.13) |
 Graduate | 915 (21.6) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
Subject of study | ||||||
 Humanities | 280 (6.6) | 1.18 (0.71–1.95) | 1.87 (1.08–3.24)* | 1.23 (0.68–2.22) | 1.33 (0.71–2.51) | 1.36 (0.65–2.84) |
 Health Care, Medicine, Sport | 725 (17.1) | 1.38 (0.99–1.92) | 0.89 (0.60–1.31) | 0.61 (0.39–0.96)* | 0.91 (0.57–1.44) | 0.60 (0.33–1.10) |
 Natural Science | 832 (19.6) | 1.09 (0.80–1.50) | 0.50 (0.33–0.74)** | 0.56 (0.37–0.84)** | 0.69 (0.45–1.06) | 0.77 (0.46–1.28) |
 Economics or Law | 456 (10.8) | 1.32 (0.88–1.97) | 1.31 (0.83–2.08) | 0.63 (0.37–1.07) | 1.34 (0.81–2.23) | 1.10 (0.59–2.04) |
 Engineering | 588 (13.9) | 1.32 (0.89–1.94) | 0.81 (0.51–1.28) | 0.66 (0.41–1.06) | 1.23 (0.76–1.99) | 1.30 (0.75–2.26) |
 Linguistics, Cultural Sciences | 452 (10.7) | 1.12 (0.76–1.64) | 1.08 (0.70–1.69) | 0.99 (0.61–1.60) | 0.95 (0.56–1.60) | 1.15 (0.62–2.10) |
 Social or Educational Science | 905 (21.4) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |