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Table 1 Biochemical analysis of all users of raw opium, refined opium and combination users

From: Lead poisoning among opium users in Iran: an emerging health hazard

Parameter

Type of substance

Opium

n = 209

Refined opium

n = 16

Opium + refined opium

n = 24

F/X 2

p-value

BLLa (μg/dL)

80.5 [51.5–117.0]

110.0 [58.0–159.0]

70.9 [39.0–91.0]

2.95

0.23

Haematocrit b (%)

33.5 ± 6.9

33.7 ± 3.7

34.4 ± 7.2

0.15

0.85

Haemoglobin b (g/dL)

10.5 ± 2.3

11.2 ± 2.1

10.6 ± 2.6

0.83

0.43

Blood Ureab (mg/dL)

28.8 ± 13.2

26.1 ± 12.7

33.6 ± 21.7

1.19

0.72

Creatinineb (mg/dL)

1.1 ± 0.9

0.9 ± 0.2

1.0 ± 0.1

0.10

0.91

ASTa (U/L)

46.0 [29.0–68.0]

27.0 [26.0–46.0]

41.5 [31.2–72.7]

2.86

0.23

ALT a(U/L)

36.0 [20.0–60.0]

21.0 [14.0–33.0]

30.0 [19.0–45.0]

2.87

0.24

  1. Blood lead level (BLL) median concentration [IQR]; hematocrit; hemoglobin; blood urea; creatinine; aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) mean concentrations (+SD) amongst the different user groups (raw opium; refined opium; and combination users)
  2. Degrees of freedom for hematocrit, hemoglobin, blood urea, creatinine (dfb = 2, dfw = 246)
  3. Degrees of freedom for BLL, AST, ALT (df = 2)
  4. a compared using Kruskal Wallis test
  5. b compared using one way ANOVA