Barriers to accessing and using health insurance cards among methadone maintenance treatment patients in northern Vietnam

Table 2 Behaviors, health status and health service utilization of respondents

Characteristic	Rural		Urban		Total		p-value
Characteristic	n	%	n	%	n	%
EQ-5D-5 L
Having problems with mobility^a	20	13.3	54	6.2	74	7.3	<0.01^¶
Having problems with self-care^b	9	6	31	3.6	40	3.9	0.17^¶
Having problems with usual activities^c	17	11.3	43	5	60	5.9	<0.01^¶
Pain/Discomfort^d	57	37.8	123	14.2	180	17.7	<0.01^¶
Anxiety/Depression^e	65	43.1	145	16.8	210	20.7	<0.01^¶
HIV status^f
N/A	20	13.3	38	4.4	58	5.7	<0.01^¶
Negative	124	82.1	752	86.9	876	86.2
Positive	7	4.6	75	8.7	82	8.1
Ever injected drugs^g
No	60	39.7	210	24.3	270	26.6	<0.01^¶
Yes	91	60.3	655	75.7	746	73.4
Current drug injection^h
No	134	88.7	833	96.3	967	95.2	<0.01^¶
Yes	17	11.3	32	3.7	49	4.8
No. of drug rehabilitationsⁱ
0	15	9.9	59	6.8	74	7.3	0.02^¶
1-5	110	72.9	565	65.3	675	66.4
> 5	26	17.2	241	27.9	267	26.3
Duration of MMT (months) ^k
< 6	32	23.5	129	15	161	16.2	<0.01^†
6- < 12	54	39.7	131	15.2	185	18.6
12- < 24	49	36	306	35.5	355	35.6
24- < 36	1	0.7	177	20.6	178	17.9
> =36	0	0	118	13.7	118	11.8
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Age at first drug use ^l	26.6	7.4	24.2	6.6	24.5	6.7	<0.01^θ
Years of drug use ^m	11.2	5.3	13.6	5.9	13.3	5.9	<0.01^θ
Years of drug injection ⁿ	7.9	3.9	10.5	5	10.2	4.9	0.01^θ
No. of drug rehabilitations ^o	3.4	3	5.1	6.6	4.8	6.3	<0.01^θ
Duration of MMT (months) ^p	9.3	4.9	17.7	11.2	16.5	11	<0.01^θ

^¶ χ ²; ^†Fishers’ exact test; ^θMann-whitney test
^a Chi-squared test = 9.33, df = 1; ^b Chi-squared test = 1.92, df = 1; ^c Chi-squared test = 9.15, df = 1; ^d Chi-squared test = 48.82, df = 1; ^e Chi-squared test = 54.16, df = 1; ^fChi-squared test = 20.59, df = 2; ^g Chi-squared test = 15.74, df = 1; ^h Chi-squared test = 16.00, df = 1; ⁱ Chi-squared test = 8.35, df = 2; ^k Fisher’s exact test = 0.00, df = 4; ^l Mann-Whitney z = 3.89, df = 1009; ^m Mann-Whitney z = −4.91, df = 1009; ⁿ Mann-Whitney z = −4.76, df = 1009; ^o Mann-Whitney z = −2.46, df = 1009; ^pMann-Whitney z = −8.46, df = 1009

ISSN: 1747-597X