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Table 2 Comparison of prevalence of binge drinking in different characteristics among male and female university students in nine ASEAN countries

From: Health and behavioral factors associated with binge drinking among university students in nine ASEAN countries

Variables

Male (n = 3324)

Female (n = 5482)

Number (%)

OR (95% CI)

Number (%)

OR (95% CI)

Socio-demographic characteristics

Age groups

 18–19

107 (12.9)

Reference

242 (11.6)

Reference

 20–21

291 (22.5)

1.95 (1.53–2.49)***

409 (19.4)

1.83 (1.54–2.17)***

 22 or older

413 (34.3)

3.52 (2.78–4.45)***

230 (17.8)

1.64 (1.35–2.00)***

Living situation

 Not with parents/guardians

412 (24.5)

Reference

642 (19.7)

Reference

 With parents/guardians

296 (31.3)

0.71 (0.60–0.85)***

229 (14.8)

1.41 (1.20–1.67)***

Family economic status

 Not well off/poor

502 (25.4)

Reference

639 (18.3)

Reference

 Wealthy/quite well off

309 (23.0)

0.88 (0.75–1.04)

242 (12.2)

0.62 (0.53–0.73)***

Country category

 Upper-middle/high income

358 (28.4)

Reference

570 (24.7)

Reference

 Lower-middle income

453 (22.0)

0.71 (0.60–0.83)***

311 (9.8)

0.33 (0.29–0.39)***

Level of involvement in organized religious activity

 Low

258 (30.9)

Reference

146 (16.7)

Reference

 Medium

317 (34.2)

1.16 (0.95–1.42)

600 (24.1)

1.58 (1.30–1.93)***

 High

130 (15.2)

0.40 (0.32–0.51)***

122 (8.5)

0.47 (0.36–0.60)***

Level of involvement in non-organized religious activity

 Low

489 (33.3)

Reference

465 (22.9)

Reference

 Medium

127 (29.1)

0.82 (0.65–1.04)

285 (24.7)

1.11 (0.93–1.31)

 High

89 (12.4)

0.28 (0.22–0.36)***

116 (7.2)

0.26 (0.21–0.32)***

Health knowledge and beliefs

 Knowledge of alcohol-heart disease relationship

327 (22.8)

0.63 (0.53–0.74)***

375 (14.9)

0.62 (0.54–0.72)***

 Knowledge of alcohol-high blood pressure relationship

407 (26.1)

0.88 (0.73–1.04)

555 (19.5)

1.24 (1.06–1.44)**

 Weak beliefs in importance of limiting alcohol use

7.4 (2.7)

0.85 (0.82–0.87)***

7.8 (2.5)

0.82 (0.80–0.85)***

 Subjective health status (range 1–5)

2.9 (1.0)

0.88 (0.82–0.95)**

3.1 (0.9)

1.05 (0.96–1.14)

Level of life satisfaction

 Low

421 (37.3)

Reference

526 (24.1)

Reference

 Medium

236 (20.2)

0.43 (0.35–0.51)***

238 (12.1)

0.44 (0.37–0.52)***

 High

50 (14.9)

0.30 (0.21–0.41)***

105 (16.1)

0.60 (0.48–0.76)***

Current tobacco use

118 (51.1)

3.65 (2.78–4.79)***

62 (47.7)

5.21 (3.67–7.42)***

Past year illicit drug use

189 (42.2)

3.19 (2.58–3.95)***

206 (23.1)

2.37 (1.97–2.86)***

Depressive symptoms

91 (28.5)

1.14 (1.08–1.68)*

105 (19.8)

1.76 (1.34–2.33)***

Physical activity

 Low

313 (22.6)

Reference

461 (15.6)

Reference

 Medium

241 (20.9)

0.91 (0.75–1.10)

254 (14.4)

0.91 (0.77–1.07)

 High

247 (32.5)

1.65 (1.35–2.01)***

147 (21.5)

1.49 (1.21–1.83)***

  1. Abbreviation: ASEAN association of Southeast Asian Nations, CI confidence interval, OR odds ratio
  2. Note: Values are number (%) for categorical variables and mean (standard deviation) for continuous variables
  3. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001