Sleep disturbance and its associations with severity of dependence, depression and quality of life among heroin-dependent patients: a cross-sectional descriptive study

Chen, Vincent Chin-Hung; Ting, Hua; Wu, Meng-Huan; Lin, Tsang-Yaw; Gossop, Michael

doi:10.1186/s13011-017-0101-x

Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy

Table 2 Comparison variables between heroin users with and without sleep disturbance

From: Sleep disturbance and its associations with severity of dependence, depression and quality of life among heroin-dependent patients: a cross-sectional descriptive study

		Sleep disturbance				t	df	p-Value (t-test)
		Yes (PSQI > 5)		No (PSQ≦5)
Continuous Variables		N	Mean (SD)	N	Mean (SD)
Age (years)		392	36.4 (7.5)	122	36.2 (7.5)	−0.32	512	0.751
Education (years)		392	9.9 (2.0)	122	10.0 (1.9)	0.38	512	0.704
Life events		392	1.9 (2.2)	122	1.3 (2.0)	−2.60	512	0.01^*
Family APGAR score		392	5.9 (4.1)	122	5.3 (4.7)	−1.43	512	0.156
Criminal convictions (substance)		392	2.5 (1.7)	122	2.2 (1.6)	−1.97	512	0.05^*
Criminal convictions (nonsubstance)		392	1.4 (1.6)	122	1.4 (1.4)	−0.31	512	0.756
Onset age of heroin use (years)		392	25.4 (6.5)	122	26.5 (7.2)	1.64	512	0.102
Length of heroin use (years)		392	11.1 (5.7)	122	9.7 (5.7)	−2.24	512	0.026^*
Dose of heroin (half qian/day)^a		392	6.2 (6.3)	122	7.5 (7.3)	1.79	512	0.075
SDS		392	7.5 (2.6)	122	5.5 (2.5)	−7.55	512	<0.001^*
CAGE		392	1.4 (1.4)	122	1.2 (1.3)	−1.13	512	0.259
Cigarette consumption		392	1.2 (0.6)	122	1.1 (0.4)	−2.70	512	0.007^*
CES-D		392	23.6 (9.3)	122	14.7 (7.8)	−9.59	512	<0.001^*
QOL-physical health		392	12.4 (1.9)	122	14.2 (2.2)	8.15	512	<0.001^*
QOL-psychological		392	11.7 (2.2)	122	13.3 (2.6)	6.42	512	<0.001^*
QOL-social relations		392	11.9 (2.3)	122	13.1 (2.4)	5.13	512	<0.001^*
QOL-environment		392	11.9 (2.0)	122	13.0 (2.4)	5.14	512	<0.001^*
		Sleep disturbance				χ2	df	p-Value (Chi-square)
		Yes (PSQI > 5)		No (PSQ≦5)
Categorical Variables		N	%	N	%
Male		349	89.0%	113	92.6%	1.32	1	0.251
Female		43	11.0%	9	7.4%
Single		185	47.2%	66	54.1%	3.26	2	0.196
Married		84	21.4%	28	23.0%
Divorced, separated, or widowed		123	31.4%	28	23.0%
Employed	Yes	219	55.9%	83	68.0%	5.68	1	0.017^*
	No	173	44.1%	39	32.0%
Injection drug use	Yes	308	78.6%	79	64.8%	9.55	1	0.002^*
	No	84	21.4%	43	35.2%
Needle sharing	Yes	38	9.7%	6	4.9%	2.71	1	0.100
	No	354	90.3%	116	95.1%

LTE List of Threatening Experiences; APGAR Adaptation, partnership, growth, affection, resolve score; SDS Severity of Dependence Scale; CES-D Center of epidemiological study depression; PSQI Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; QOL World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF
^aHalf Qian = 1.875 g (number of half Qians of heroin used per day)
^* p-Value <0.05

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ISSN: 1747-597X

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