Sleep disturbance and its associations with severity of dependence, depression and quality of life among heroin-dependent patients: a cross-sectional descriptive study

Table 1 Socio-demographic, substance, and psychiatric characteristics in heroin users

Continuous variables		Number^a	Mean (SD)
Age (years)		514	36.3 (7.5)
Education (years)		514	9.9 (2.0)
Life events		514	1.8 (2.2)
Family APGAR score		514	5.8 (4.3)
Criminal convictions (substance)		514	2.4 (1.7)
Criminal convictions (nonsubstance)		514	1.4 (1.6)
Onset age of heroin use (years)		514	25.6 (6.7)
Length of heroin use (years)		514	10.7 (5.8)
Dose of heroin (half qian/day)^b		514	6.5 (6.5)
SDS		514	7.0 (2.7)
CAGE		514	1.4 (1.4)
Cigarette consumption		514	1.2 (0.5)
CES-D		514	21.5 (9.7)
QOL-physical health		514	12.8 (2.1)
QOL-psychological		514	12.1 (2.4)
QOL-social relations		514	12.2 (2.4)
QOL-environment		514	12.1 (2.2)
Global PSQI		514	9.1 (4.3)
Categorical Variables		N	%
Sex
Male		462	89.9
Female		52	10.1
Marital status
Single		251	48.8
Married		112	21.8
Divorced, separated, or widowed		151	29.4
Employment	Yes	302	58.8
Employment	No	212	41.2
Injection drug use	Yes	387	75.3
Injection drug use	No	127	24.7
Needle sharing	Yes	44	8.6
Needle sharing	No	470	91.4
Sleep disturbance	Yes (PSQI > 5)	392	76.3
Sleep disturbance	No (PSQ≦5)	122	23.7

LTE List of Threatening Experiences; APGAR adaptation, partnership, growth, affection, resolve score; SDS Severity of Dependence Scale; CES-D The center of epidemiological study depression; PSQI Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; QOL The World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF
^aNumber of total recruited patients = 598, number of missing data = 84. Total 514 participants were analyzed
^bHalf Qian = 1.875 g (number of half Qians of heroin used per day)

ISSN: 1747-597X