Table 2 Factors associated with illicit drug use in the past 12 months among university students in nine countries in ASEAN

 18–19 (31.4%)

Reference

Reference

Reference

 20–21 (41.5%)

1.29 (0.65–2.57)

1.19 (0.70–2.01)

0.83 (0.48–1.43)

 22–30 (27.0%)

0.88 (0.42–1.82)

1.33 (0.65–2.75)

0.79 (0.39–1.59)

 Female (62.5%)

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Male (37.5%)

1.03 (0.68–1.55)

0.71 (0.53–0.96)^*

1.34 (1.02–1.76)^*

 Quite well off/wealthy (36.0%)

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Quite poor, not well off (64.0%)

1.13 (0.80–1.60)

0.81 (0.54–1.23)

1.18 (0.80–1.73)

 With parents (35.7%)

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Away from parents (64.3%)

0.60 (0.39–0.91)^*

0.76 (0.66–0.88)^***

1.36 (0.97–1.92)

 Upper-middle/high income (38.7%)

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Lower middle income (61.3%)

3.36 (1.28–8.82)^*

2.83 (2.41–3.33)^***

0.25 (0.10–0.61)^**

Poor subjective health status (4.7%)

1.84 (1.26–2.68)^**

0.99 (0.59–1.67)

0.91 (0.58–1.44)

Depression (severe) (9.2%)

1.13 (0.75–1.71)

1.26 (0.86–1.86)

0.80 (0.58–1.10)

Current tobacco use (4.0%)

3.35 (0.88–12.71)

2.09 (0.76–5.72)

0.42 (0.14–1.23)

Binge drinking (past month) (6.1%)

1.67 (0.66–4.27)

1.92 (1.03–3.57)^*

0.52 (0.30–0.90)^*

Having been in physical fight in the past 12 months (6.9%)^d

1.39 (0.66–2.95)

1.25 (0.92–1.69)

0.77 (0.55–1.09)

Poor academic performance (11.2%)

0.50 (0.11–2.40)

0.34 (0.10–1.13)

2.79 (0.82–9.44)