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Table 2 Knowledge of teachers about substances used for PN in general and among students

From: Pharmacological Neuroenhancement: teachers’ knowledge and attitudes–Results from a survey study among teachers in Germany

PN substance

PN substance use in general (n = 197)

PN substance use among students (n = 169)

Ginkgo biloba

15.2 %

7.1 %

Energy drinks

91.9 %

87.6 %

Caffeine tablets

68 %

46.7 %

MPH

51.8 %

43.2 %

AMPH

25.9 %

13.6 %

Atomoxetin

4.6 %

4.1 %

Modafinil

2.5 %

1.8 %

Antidementia drugs

10.2 %

3 %

Illicit AMPH

48.7 %

27.8 %

Ecstasy/ MDMA

54.3 %

32.5 %

Cocaine

39.6 %

21.3 %

Ephedrin

17.8 %

9.5 %

Cannabis

47.7 %

32 %

  1. 77.3 % (n = 197 of n = 255) of the surveyed teachers answered “in general”; 66.3 % (n = 169 of n = 255) answered “among students”
  2. AMPH amphetamines, MPH Methylphenidate, PN pharmacological neuroenhancement