Table 1 Characteristics of Opioid Treatment Programs (OTPs)
| Â | Full Sample | 2005 | 2011 | Â |
|---|---|---|---|---|
(N=383) | (N=187) | (N=196) | p-value* | |
Dependent Variables | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Any HCV testing |  |  |  | 0.000 |
  HCV testing (on-site or off-site) | 81.7 | 73.3 | 89.8 |  |
  No HCV testing | 18.3 | 26.7 | 10.2 |  |
 On-site vs. off-site HCV testing+ |  |  |  | 0.000 |
  On-site HCV testing | 52.7 | 72.3 | 37.5 |  |
  Off-site HCV testing only | 47.3 | 27.7 | 62.5 |  |
Predictor variables | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Director race/ethnicity | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 African-American | 14.9 | 14.4 | 15.3 | 0.812 |
 Other race/ethnicity | 8.4 | 11.2 | 5.6 | 0.047 |
 White | 76.7 | 74.7 | 79.1 | 0.313 |
 Director age (mean, SD) | 49.7 (9.6) | 48.4 (8.5) | 51 (10.4) | 0.009 |
 Director gender |  |  |  | 0.354 |
  Female | 55.3 | 52.9 | 57.6 |  |
  Male | 44.7 | 47.1 | 42.4 |  |
 Director education |  |  |  | 0.156 |
  Post-graduate training or more | 70.8 | 67.4 | 74.0 |  |
  College or less | 29.2 | 32.6 | 26.0 |  |
 Director sources of information (mean, SD) | 3.2 (0.5) | 3.3 (0.5) | 3.1 (0.5) | 0.001 |
 Director support of preventive services (mean, SD) | 3.9 (0.9) | 3.7 (1.0) | 4.0 (0.9) | 0.004 |
Control variables | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Patient characteristics (mean, SD) |  |  |  |  |
  Percent African-American patients | 22.3 (24.9) | 25.5 (26.5) | 19.3 (22.9) | 0.015 |
  Percent Hispanic / Latino patients | 16.4 (21.2) | 17.9 (22.7) | 15.0 (19.7) | 0.189 |
  Percent female patients | 41.3 (13.6) | 39.9 (15.8) | 42.7 (11.0) | 0.039 |
  Percent persons who inject drugs | 42.4 (29.8) | 44.8 (30.9) | 40.2 (28.6) | 0.133 |
  Program characteristics |  |  |  |  |
  CARF accreditation |  |  |  | 0.165 |
   Yes | 49.1 | 45.5 | 52.5 |  |
   No | 50.9 | 54.5 | 47.5 |  |
  Ownership |  |  |  | 0.150 |
   Public | 14.1 | 17.6 | 10.7 |  |
   Private for-profit | 37.9 | 36.4 | 39.3 |  |
   Private not-for-profit | 48.0 | 46.0 | 50.0 |  |
  Method of treatment |  |  |  | 0.000 |
   Both (Meth + Bup) | 57.2 | 68.0 | 47.0 |  |
   Buprenorphine only (Bup) | 24.3 | 19.2 | 29.1 |  |
   Methadone only (Meth) | 18.5 | 12.8 | 23.9 |  |
  Staff - patient ratio (mean, SD) | 0.04 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.04) | 0.05 (0.03) | 0.025 |
  Prior authorization (mean, SD) | 22.32 (33.8) | 19.20 (31.9) | 25.30 (35.3) | 0.078 |
  Revenue from federal sources |  |  |  | 0.004 |
   At least 1% | 28.5 | 37.9 | 21.5 |  |
   None | 71.5 | 62.1 | 78.5 |  |
  Revenue from private insurance |  |  |  | 0.142 |
   At least 1% | 42.3 | 41.1 | 44.3 |  |
   None | 57.7 | 58.8 | 55.6 |  |