Factors associated with inability to access addiction treatment among people who inject drugs in Vancouver, Canada

Prangnell, Amy; Daly-Grafstein, Ben; Dong, Huiru; Nolan, Seonaid; Milloy, M-J; Wood, Evan; Kerr, Thomas; Hayashi, Kanna

doi:10.1186/s13011-016-0053-6

Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy

Table 2 Bivariate and multivariate GEE analyses of factors associated with inability to access addiction treatment among PWID in Vancouver, Canada (n = 1142)

From: Factors associated with inability to access addiction treatment among people who inject drugs in Vancouver, Canada

Characteristic	Unadjusted		Adjusted
Characteristic	Odds ratio (95 % CI)	p - value	Odds ratio (95 % CI)	p - value
Age
(per year older)	0.97 (0.96–0.98)	<0.001
Gender
(female vs. male)	1.42 (1.03–1.95)	0.033	1.37 (0.98–1.92)	0.062
Ethnicity
(Caucasian vs. other)	0.82 (0.60–1.12)	0.205
Homelessness^a
(yes vs. no)	2.53 (1.92–3.33)	<0.001	1.99 (1.47–2.69)	<0.001
Daily injection cocaine use^a
(yes vs. no)	1.58 (1.04–2.41)	0.032
Daily injection heroin use^a
(yes vs. no)	1.69 (1.24–2.31)	<0.001
Daily injection meth use^a
(yes vs. no)	1.15 (0.61–2.15)	0.669
Daily injection prescription opioid use^a
(yes vs. no)	1.51 (1.11–2.07)	0.010
Daily crack smoking^a
(yes vs. no)	1.30 (0.98–1.74)	0.073
Daily alcohol use^a
(yes vs. no)	1.37 (0.90–2.11)	0.144
Length of time injecting drugs
(per year longer)	0.98 (0.97–0.99)	<0.001	0.98 (0.97–1.00)	0.045
Drug or alcohol treatment ever
(yes vs. no)	2.36 (1.51–3.68)	<0.001	2.33 (1.47–3.68)	<0.001
Any employment (reg, temp, self) ^a
(yes vs. no)	1.02 (0.74–1.42)	0.888
Drug dealing^a
(yes vs. no)	1.90 (1.42–2.55)	<0.001	1.32 (0.96–1.83)	0.090
Sex work^a
(yes vs. no)	1.04 (0.67–1.61)	0.861
High school degree or higher
(yes vs. no)	1.15 (0.84–1.58)	0.379
Overdose^a
(yes vs. no)	1.45 (0.85–2.49)	0.175
Binge drug use^a,b
(yes vs. no)	1.76 (1.37–2.25)	<0.001	1.65 (1.26–2.16)	<0.001
A victim of violence^a
(yes vs. no)	2.19 (1.62–2.97)	<0.001	1.77 (1.29–2.42)	<0.001
HCV positive
(yes vs. no)	0.97 (0.59–1.61)	0.916
HIV and treatment status^a
(HIV+ and not on ART vs HIV−)	0.93 (0.59–1.46)	0.748
(HIV+ and on ART vs HIV_HIV−)	0.76 (0.50–1.14)	0.186
Incarceration^a
(yes vs. no)	1.68 (1.17–2.42)	0.005

GEE generalized estimating equations, PWID people who inject drugs, CI confidence interval
^aDenotes activities in the previous six months
^bRefers to any route of consumption (i.e., sniffing, snorting, smoking or injecting)

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