Table 3 GEE analysis estimating post-treatment effect on MSP use (n = 631)

 Post-treatment period (vs. pre-treatment)

1.28 (1.15, 1.42)

<0.001

1.45 (1.28, 1.64)

<0.001

 Age at enrolment (per year)

1.03 (1.02, 1.04)

<0.001

1.03 (1.02, 1.04)

<0.001

 Women

1.22 (1.01, 1.47)

0.044

1.47 (1.20, 1.81)

<0.001

 White

1.57 (1.19, 2.07)

0.001

1.06 (0.80, 1.41)

0.679

 Aboriginal

1.28 (0.95, 1.74)

0.108

0.98 (0.72, 1.34)

0.915

 Other

Reference

Reference

 Grade 9 or less

0.95 (0.67, 1.37)

0.797

0.86 (0.60, 1.23)

0.405

 Grade 10/11

0.94 (0.69, 1.29)

0.704

0.87 (0.64, 1.18)

0.372

 Grade 12

0.82 (0.60, 1.14)

0.243

0.70 (0.51, 0.95)

0.024

 Vocational /University

Reference

Reference

 Graduated (vs. didn’t graduate)

1.26 (1.03, 1.54)

0.028

1.23 (1.01, 1.50)

0.045

 Before 2005

Reference

Reference

 Between 2005 and 2007

1.09 (0.87, 1.37)

0.452

1.06 (0.87, 1.30)

0.544

 After 2007

1.42 (1.12, 1.80)

0.003

1.22 (0.95, 1.58)

0.114

 Multiple admissions (vs. single)

0.83 (0.66, 1.04)

0.107

1.04 (0.83, 1.30)

0.713

 No mental disorder

Reference

Reference

 NSMD only

2.46 (1.74, 3.48)

<0.001

2.10 (1.51, 2.91)

<0.001

 SUD only

3.48 (2.60, 4.66)

<0.001

3.42 (2.57, 4.56)

<0.001

 Both NSMD & SUD

4.98 (3.88, 6.39)

<0.001

4.92 (3.83, 6.32)

<0.001

 # of sentences in last 2 years (per sentence)

0.96 (0.94, 0.99)

0.001

0.98 (0.95, 1.00)

0.023