Paths to improving engagement among racial and ethnic minorities in addiction health services

Table 2 Multi-level negative binomial models of wait time and retention (N = 13,478)

	Wait time		Retention
	IRR	95 % CI	IRR	95 % CI
Program capacity
Latent variable components
Medi-Cal acceptance	0.564***	0.489, 0.650	1.041	0.975, 1.112
Readiness for change	0.705***	0.679, 0.732	1.014*	1.001, 1.026
Directorial leadership	1.004	0.991, 1.016	1.000	0.994, 1.006
Program capacity × Latino^a	0.131***	0.065, 0.267	1.118	0.950, 1.317
Program capacity × African American^a	0.237***	0.170, 0.332	1.315***	1.170, 1.479
Organizational characteristics
Cultural competence	1.021	0.997, 1.047	1.007	0.997, 1.017
Mental health coordination	1.116	0.919, 1.354	0.970	0.904, 1.040
Public funding	0.995***	0.993, 0.997	1.000	0.999, 1.001
Program type^b
Methadone	0.381*	0.180, 0.804	0.834**	0.738, 0.942
Residential	4.011***	3.517, 4.576	0.588***	0.561, 0.616
Client characteristics
Receipt of HIV testing services	1.300***	1.197, 1.413	0.973	0.943, 1.005
Referral source^c
Community	0.839*	0.712, 0.988	1.024	0.975, 1.074
Proposition 36	1.560***	1.376, 1.770	0.897***	0.848, 0.948
Drug court	0.992	0.835, 1.177	1.209***	1.133, 1.290
Social service	1.042	0.952, 1.140	0.921***	0.882, 0.962
Medi-Cal eligible	0.990	0.893, 1.098	1.132***	1.084, 1.182
Race and ethnicity^d
African American	7.610***	3.636, 15.928	0.952	0.797, 1.136
Latino	4.558***	3.195, 6.503	0.787***	0.692, 0.896
Other	0.766**	0.632, 0.928	1.067	0.997, 1.141
History of mental health	0.907*	0.828, 0.994	0.976	0.941, 1.012
Homeless	1.194***	1.097, 1.300	1.065**	1.021, 1.112

CI confidence interval; IRR incidence rate ratio. IRRs can be interpreted as the estimated rate ratio for a 1-unit increase in the independent variable, given the other variables are held constant in the model. For example, compared to programs that do not accept Medi-Cal, programs accepting Medi-Cal are associated with a decreased ratio of number of days waiting of IRR = 0.564, while holding all other variables in the model constant. Model statistics for wait time: F(21, 9199.7) = 80.20, p-value of F < 1 = .0001. Model statistics for retention: F(21, 40245.1) = 49.9, p-value of F < 1 = .0001. The corresponding p-value is less than .001
^aLow program capacity and non-Latino White are reference categories
^bOutpatient is reference category
^cSelf-referral is reference category
^dNon-Latino White is reference category
*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001

ISSN: 1747-597X