Variables | Antibiotics | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||||||||||||||||
β | SE | t | df | P-Value | β | SE | t | df | P-Value | β | SE | t | df | P-Value | β | SE | t | df | P-Value | |
Intercept | 7.00 | 0.18 | 39.29 | 246 | <.0001 | 6.56 | 2.83 | 2.31 | 246 | 0.0216 | 7.72 | 0.62 | 12.51 | 241 | <.0001 | 7.29 | 2.90 | 2.52 | 241 | 0.0125 |
Pharmacists and pharmacy characteristics | ||||||||||||||||||||
Sex of pharmacist | ||||||||||||||||||||
Male | 0.08 | 0.36 | 0.23 | 243 | 0.8207 | 0.17 | 0.37 | 0.45 | 243 | 0.6551 | ||||||||||
Female | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | ||||||||
Age of pharmacist (years) | ||||||||||||||||||||
≤45 | 3.49 | 0.51 | 6.78 | 722 | <.0001 | 3.42 | 0.52 | 6.58 | 722 | <.0001 | ||||||||||
46–55 | 2.35 | 0.52 | 4.49 | 722 | <.0001 | 2.24 | 0.53 | 4.25 | 722 | <.0001 | ||||||||||
56–65 | 1.22 | 0.55 | 2.24 | 722 | 0.0255 | 1.12 | 0.55 | 2.05 | 722 | 0.0404 | ||||||||||
≥66 | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | ||||||||
Length of operation | ||||||||||||||||||||
≤12 months | 2.02 | 0.57 | 3.58 | 454 | 0.0004 | 2.02 | 0.57 | 3.57 | 454 | 0.0004 | ||||||||||
13–24 months | 0.27 | 0.58 | 0.47 | 454 | 0.6417 | 0.25 | 0.58 | 0.44 | 454 | 0.6632 | ||||||||||
≥25 months | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | ||||||||
Separation of drug prescribing and dispensing | ||||||||||||||||||||
Exception | −1.49 | 2.35 | −0.63 | 93 | 0.5283 | −1.55 | 2.35 | −0.66 | 93 | 0.5134 | ||||||||||
Application | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | ||||||||
Period of exclusion for reformed program | ||||||||||||||||||||
≤18 months | −0.27 | 2.81 | −0.10 | 88 | 0.9240 | −0.45 | 2.81 | −0.16 | 88 | 0.8720 | ||||||||||
≥19 months | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | ||||||||
Total drug purchase (10 million KRW) | −0.02 | 0.00 | −7.93 | 16,000 | <.0001 | −0.02 | 0.00 | −7.63 | 16,000 | <.0001 | ||||||||||
Regional characteristics | ||||||||||||||||||||
Region | ||||||||||||||||||||
Metropolitan | −0.03 | 0.39 | −0.07 | 241 | 0.9466 | −0.02 | 0.39 | −0.04 | 241 | 0.9659 | ||||||||||
Non-metropolitan | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | ||||||||
Total number of clinics in regions with pharmacies | ||||||||||||||||||||
≤60 | −0.31 | 0.49 | −0.62 | 241 | 0.5331 | −0.30 | 0.49 | −0.61 | 241 | 0.5409 | ||||||||||
≥61 | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | ||||||||
Total number of pharmacy in regions with pharmacies | ||||||||||||||||||||
≤45 | 0.85 | 0.46 | 1.86 | 241 | 0.0646 | 0.55 | 0.46 | 1.21 | 241 | 0.2270 | ||||||||||
≥46 | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | ||||||||
Average of individual income in regions with pharmacies | ||||||||||||||||||||
≤38 million KRW | −0.54 | 0.41 | −1.31 | 241 | 0.1917 | −0.30 | 0.41 | −0.75 | 241 | 0.4568 | ||||||||||
≥39 million KRW | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | ||||||||
Proportion of national basic livelihood security beneficiaries in regions with pharmacies | −0.26 | 0.14 | −1.94 | 241 | 0.0537 | −0.19 | 0.14 | −1.42 | 241 | 0.1584 | ||||||||||
Random parta | Variance | SE | Z | P-Value | Variance | SE | Z | P-Value | Variance | SE | Z | P-Value | Variance | SD | Z | P-Value | ||||
Variance of the intercept at the regional level | 0.06 | 0.40 | 0.15 | 0.4411 | 4.02 | 33759544.00 | 0.00 | 0.5000 | 0.10 | 0.39 | 0.25 | 0.4014 | 0.05 | 0.38 | 0.14 | 0.4462 | ||||
Variance of the intercept at the pharmacy level | 516.25 | 5.71 | 90.49 | <.0001 | 511.21 | 5.64 | 90.68 | <.0001 | 515.85 | 5.70 | 90.50 | <.0001 | 511.09 | 5.65 | 90.48 | <.0001 | ||||
ICC | 0.0001 | 0.0078 | 0.0002 | 0.0001 |