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Table 5 Results for multi-level analyses of the associations with percentages of drug consumption in Adrenal cortical hormones

From: Consumption of pharmaceutical drugs in exception region of separation for drug prescribing and dispensing program in South Korea

Variables

Adrenal cortical hormones

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

β

SE

t

df

P-Value

β

SE

t

df

P-Value

β

SE

t

df

P-Value

β

SE

t

df

P-Value

Intercept

0.30

0.01

32.20

246

<.0001

0.38

0.09

4.38

246

<.0001

0.31

0.03

9.15

241

<.0001

0.41

0.09

4.48

241

<.0001

Pharmacists and pharmacy characteristics

                    

Sex of pharmacist

                    

 Male

     

0.00

0.01

−0.02

243

0.9876

     

0.00

0.01

−0.19

243

0.8498

 Female

Ref

-

  

-

Ref

-

  

-

Ref

-

  

-

Ref

-

  

-

Age of pharmacist (years)

                    

 ≤45

     

0.04

0.02

2.25

722

0.0251

     

0.03

0.02

2.10

722

0.0361

 46–55

     

0.00

0.02

−0.21

722

0.8342

     

−0.01

0.02

−0.37

722

0.7139

 56–65

     

−0.02

0.02

−0.93

722

0.3528

     

−0.02

0.02

−1.01

722

0.3152

 ≥66

Ref

-

  

-

Ref

-

  

-

Ref

-

  

-

Ref

-

  

-

Length of operation

                    

 ≤12 months

     

0.05

0.02

2.78

454

0.0057

     

0.05

0.02

2.74

454

0.0064

 13–24 months

     

0.03

0.02

1.92

454

0.0555

     

0.03

0.02

1.89

454

0.0595

 ≥25 months

Ref

-

  

-

Ref

-

  

-

Ref

-

  

-

Ref

-

  

-

Separation of drug prescribing and dispensing

                    

 Exception

     

0.72

0.07

10.05

93

<.0001

     

0.72

0.07

9.92

93

<.0001

 Application

Ref

-

  

-

Ref

-

  

-

Ref

-

  

-

Ref

-

  

-

Period of exclusion for reformed program

                    

 ≤18 months

     

−0.10

0.09

−1.16

88

0.2484

     

−0.10

0.09

−1.17

88

0.2442

 ≥19 months

Ref

-

  

-

Ref

-

  

-

Ref

-

  

-

Ref

-

  

-

Total drug purchase (10 million KRW)

     

0.00

0.00

−3.68

16,000

0.0002

     

0.00

0.00

−3.68

16,000

0.0002

Regional characteristics

                    

Region

                    

 Metropolitan

          

−0.06

0.02

−3.00

241

0.0030

−0.04

0.02

−2.07

241

0.0395

 Non-metropolitan

Ref

-

  

-

Ref

-

  

-

Ref

-

  

-

Ref

-

  

-

Total number of clinics in regions with pharmacies

                    

 ≤60

          

0.01

0.03

0.24

241

0.8108

−0.01

0.02

−0.27

241

0.7887

 ≥61

Ref

-

  

-

Ref

-

  

-

Ref

-

  

-

Ref

-

  

-

Total number of pharmacy in regions with pharmacies

                    

 ≤45

          

0.02

0.02

0.98

241

0.3303

0.01

0.02

0.50

241

0.6149

 ≥46

Ref

-

  

-

Ref

-

  

-

Ref

-

  

-

Ref

-

  

-

Average of individual income in regions with pharmacies

                    

 ≤38 million KRW

          

0.01

0.02

0.37

241

0.7088

−0.01

0.02

−0.31

241

0.7555

 ≥39 million KRW

Ref

-

  

-

Ref

-

  

-

Ref

-

  

-

Ref

-

  

-

Proportion of national basic livelihood security beneficiaries in regions with pharmacies

          

0.00

0.01

−0.72

241

0.4740

0.00

0.01

−0.52

241

0.6035

Random parta

Variance

SE

Z

P-Value

Variance

SE

Z

P-Value

Variance

SE

Z

P-Value

Variance

SD

Z

P-Value

Variance of the intercept at the regional level

0.01

0.00

4.76

<.0001

0.01

0.00

4.13

<.0001

0.01

0.00

4.42

<.0001

0.01

0.00

3.99

<.0001

Variance of the intercept at the pharmacy level

0.48

0.01

89.74

<.0001

0.47

0.01

89.77

<.0001

0.48

0.01

89.72

<.0001

0.47

0.01

89.76

<.0001

ICC

0.0223

   

0.0151

   

0.0199

   

0.0149

   
  1. Note. The results of multilevel linear regression analysis using mixed model to examine associations between program designation (i.e., exception region or application region) and percentages of drug consumption (antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory drugs, and psychotropic drugs, adrenal cortical hormones, and antibiotics) in hierarchical data which was consisted of pharmacy and regional levels. Significant level P < 0.05. If these values were lower than 0.05, it indicated that there were statistically significant associations between independent variable and drug consumption
  2. Model 1 = empty model, Model 2 = only adjusted for pharmacy-level variables, Model 3 = only adjusted regional-level variables, Model 4 = fully adjusted
  3. KRW Republic of Korea Won, ICC Intra-class Correlation Coefficient, the results were rounded to the second digit after the decimal point. df degrees of freedom
  4. aIf p-value were lower than 0.05, it indicated that each level variable had statistically significant association with the outcome variables. The ICC was defined that the ratio of the between cluster variance to the total variance. It was interpreted as the correlation among observations within the same cluster
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Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy

ISSN: 1747-597X