Variables | Psychotropic drugs | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||||||||||||||||
β | SE | t | df | P-Value | β | SE | t | df | P-Value | β | SE | t | df | P-Value | β | SE | t | df | P-Value | |
Intercept | 0.86 | 0.02 | 36.54 | 246 | <.0001 | 0.38 | 0.30 | 1.27 | 246 | 0.2040 | 0.89 | 0.09 | 10.24 | 241 | <.0001 | 0.43 | 0.31 | 1.40 | 241 | 0.1635 |
Pharmacists and pharmacy characteristics | ||||||||||||||||||||
Sex of pharmacist | ||||||||||||||||||||
Male | −0.07 | 0.04 | −1.73 | 243 | 0.0842 | −0.07 | 0.04 | −1.65 | 243 | 0.0995 | ||||||||||
Female | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | ||||||||
Age of pharmacist (years) | ||||||||||||||||||||
≤45 | 0.15 | 0.05 | 2.74 | 722 | 0.0064 | 0.15 | 0.05 | 2.70 | 722 | 0.0070 | ||||||||||
46–55 | 0.16 | 0.06 | 2.94 | 722 | 0.0034 | 0.16 | 0.06 | 2.88 | 722 | 0.0040 | ||||||||||
56–65 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 2.46 | 722 | 0.0142 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 2.42 | 722 | 0.0157 | ||||||||||
≥66 | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | ||||||||
Length of operation | ||||||||||||||||||||
≤12 months | 0.41 | 0.06 | 6.88 | 454 | <.0001 | 0.41 | 0.06 | 6.87 | 454 | <.0001 | ||||||||||
13-24 months | 0.22 | 0.06 | 3.63 | 454 | 0.0003 | 0.22 | 0.06 | 3.62 | 454 | 0.0003 | ||||||||||
≥25 months | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | ||||||||
Separation of drug prescribing and dispensing | ||||||||||||||||||||
Exception | −0.18 | 0.25 | −0.72 | 93 | 0.4741 | −0.18 | 0.25 | −0.71 | 93 | 0.4813 | ||||||||||
Application | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | ||||||||
Period of exclusion for reformed program | ||||||||||||||||||||
≤18 months | −0.03 | 0.30 | −0.11 | 88 | 0.9134 | −0.03 | 0.30 | −0.12 | 88 | 0.9075 | ||||||||||
≥19 months | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | ||||||||
Total drug purchase (10 million KRW) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 16.85 | 16,000 | <.0001 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 16.80 | 16,000 | <.0001 | ||||||||||
Regional characteristics | ||||||||||||||||||||
Region | ||||||||||||||||||||
Metropolitan | −0.05 | 0.05 | −0.90 | 241 | 0.3677 | −0.02 | 0.05 | −0.34 | 241 | 0.7348 | ||||||||||
Non-metropolitan | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | ||||||||
Total number of clinics in regions with pharmacies | ||||||||||||||||||||
≤60 | −0.08 | 0.07 | −1.18 | 241 | 0.2392 | −0.07 | 0.07 | −1.10 | 241 | 0.2733 | ||||||||||
≥61 | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | ||||||||
Total number of pharmacy in regions with pharmacies | ||||||||||||||||||||
≤45 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.63 | 241 | 0.5302 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.50 | 241 | 0.6175 | ||||||||||
≥46 | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | ||||||||
Average of individual income in regions with pharmacies | ||||||||||||||||||||
≤38 million KRW | −0.01 | 0.06 | −0.14 | 241 | 0.8855 | −0.01 | 0.05 | −0.16 | 241 | 0.8746 | ||||||||||
≥39 million KRW | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - | ||||||||
Proportion of national basic livelihood security beneficiaries in regions with pharmacies | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.75 | 241 | 0.4500 | 0.00 | 0.02 | −0.06 | 241 | 0.9499 | ||||||||||
Random parta | Variance | SE | Z | P-Value | Variance | SE | Z | P-Value | Variance | SE | Z | P-Value | Variance | SD | Z | P-Value | ||||
Variance of the intercept at the regional level | 0.04 | 0.01 | 3.40 | 0.0003 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 3.24 | 0.0006 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 3.45 | 0.0003 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 3.29 | 0.0005 | ||||
Variance of the intercept at the pharmacy level | 5.76 | 0.06 | 90.23 | <.0001 | 5.64 | 0.06 | 90.20 | <.0001 | 5.76 | 0.06 | 90.22 | <.0001 | 5.64 | 0.06 | 90.19 | <.0001 | ||||
ICC | 0.0061 | 0.0057 | 0.0064 | 0.0061 |