Table 3 Results for multi-level analyses of the associations with percentages of drug consumption in Antipyretic; Analgesic; Anti-inflammatory drugs

Intercept

9.51

0.08

120.05

246

<.0001

12.68

0.99

12.80

246

<.0001

9.23

0.27

34.53

241

<.0001

12.26

1.02

12.03

241

<.0001

Pharmacy characteristics

Sex of pharmacist

 Male

0.64

0.13

5.00

243

<.0001

0.52

0.13

4.03

243

<.0001

 Female

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Age of pharmacist (years)

 ≤45

−0.65

0.18

−3.62

722

0.0003

−0.66

0.18

−3.65

722

0.0003

 46–55

−0.82

0.18

−4.48

722

<.0001

−0.82

0.18

−4.45

722

<.0001

 56–65

−0.62

0.19

−3.26

722

0.0012

−0.59

0.19

−3.07

722

0.0022

 ≥66

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Length of operation

 ≤12 months

−1.06

0.20

−5.35

454

<.0001

−1.08

0.20

−5.47

454

<.0001

 13–24 months

−0.80

0.20

−3.97

454

<.0001

−0.81

0.20

−4.01

454

<.0001

 ≥25 months

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Separation of drug prescribing and dispensing

 Exception

3.41

0.82

4.14

93

<.0001

3.19

0.82

3.88

93

0.0002

 Application

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Period of exclusion for reformed program

 ≤18 months

−1.05

0.98

−1.07

88

0.2860

−0.93

0.98

−0.95

88

0.3455

 ≥19 months

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Total drug purchase (10 million KRW)

−0.02

0.00

−25.37

16,000

<.0001

−0.02

0.00

−25.93

16,000

<.0001

Regional characteristics

Region

 Metropolitan

−0.53

0.16

−3.22

241

0.0015

−0.56

0.16

−3.57

241

0.0004

 Non-metropolitan

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Total number of clinics in regions with pharmacies

 ≤60

0.21

0.21

1.03

241

0.3027

0.12

0.20

0.61

241

0.5431

 ≥61

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Total number of pharmacy in regions with pharmacies

 ≤45

−0.18

0.19

−0.92

241

0.3597

−0.17

0.18

−0.92

241

0.3574

 ≥46

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Average of individual income in regions with pharmacies

 ≤38 million KRW

0.47

0.17

2.73

241

0.0067

0.43

0.16

2.63

241

0.0091

 ≥39 million KRW

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Proportion of national basic livelihood security beneficiaries in regions with pharmacies

0.07

0.06

1.21

241

0.2271

0.14

0.05

2.72

241

0.0070

Random part^a

Variance

SE

Z

P-Value

Variance

SE

Z

P-Value

Variance

SE

Z

P-Value

Variance

SD

Z

P-Value

Variance of the intercept at the regional level

0.39

0.12

3.26

0.0005

0.35

0.11

3.26

0.0006

0.27

0.10

2.55

0.0054

0.20

0.09

2.29

0.0111

Variance of the intercept at the pharmacy level

65.48

0.73

90.21

<.0001

61.92

0.69

90.23

<.0001

65.44

0.73

90.24

<.0001

61.85

0.69

90.28

<.0001

ICC

0.0059

0.0055

0.0040

0.0032