Table 1 Bivariate associations with not receiving ART among HIV-positive PWID in Bangkok, Thailand ( n  = 128)
Characteristic | Currently on ART | Odds ratio (95%CI) | p - value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
No 58 (45.3%) | Yes 70 (54.7%) | |||
Demographic | Â | Â | Â | |
Older age | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  ≥38 years old | 30 (51.7%) | 35 (50.0%) | 1.07 (0.53 – 2.15) | 0.846 |
  <38 years old | 28 (48.3%) | 35 (50.0%) |  |  |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Female | 12 (20.7%) | 13 (18.6%) | 1.14 (0.48 – 2.75) | 0.764 |
  Male | 46 (79.3%) | 57 (81.4%) |  |  |
Education attainment | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  < Secondary education | 34 (58.6%) | 20 (28.6%) | 3.54 (1.70 – 7.39) | <0.001 |
  ≥ Secondary education | 24 (41.4%) | 50 (71.4%) |  |  |
Substance use behaviour | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Heroin injection* | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Daily | 9 (15.5%) | 8 (11.4%) | 1.42 (0.51 – 3.96) | 0.497 |
  < Daily | 49 (84.5%) | 62 (88.6%) |  |  |
Methamphetamine injection* | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Daily | 7 (12.1%) | 3 ( 4.3%) | 3.07 (0.65 – 19.10) | 0.184†|
  < Daily | 51 (87.9%) | 67 (95.7%) |  |  |
Midazolam injection* | Â | |||
  Daily | 38 (65.5%) | 24 (34.3%) | 3.64 (1.75 – 7.58) | <0.001 |
  < Daily | 20 (34.5%) | 46 (65.7%) |  |  |
Alcohol consumption* | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Daily | 3 ( 5.3%) | 3 ( 4.3%) | 1.24 (0.16 – 9.63) | >0.999†|
  < Daily | 54 (94.7%) | 67 (95.7%) |  |  |
Experiences with drug law enforcement | Â | |||
Ever beaten by police | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Yes | 33 (56.9%) | 28 (40.0%) | 1.98 (0.98 – 4.01) | 0.057 |
  No | 25 (43.1%) | 42 (60.0%) |  |  |
Ever incarcerated | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Yes | 56 (96.6%) | 63 (90.0%) | 3.11 (0.56 – 31.65) | 0.182†|
  No | 2 ( 3.4%) | 7 (10.0%) |  |  |
Ever in compulsory drug detention | Â | Â | Â | |
  Yes | 13 (22.4%) | 6 ( 8.6%) | 3.08 (1.09 – 8.72) | 0.028 |
  No | 45 (77.6%) | 64 (91.4%) |  |  |
Healthcare access | ||||
Ever accessed methadone treatment | Â | Â | ||
  Yes | 51 (87.9%) | 62 (88.6%) | 0.94 (0.32 – 2.77) | 0.911 |
  No | 7 (12.1%) | 8 (11.4%) |  |  |
Ever received healthcare information or support services at the MSHRC | Â | |||
  Yes | 3 ( 5.2%) | 14 (20.0%) | 0.22 (0.06 – 0.80) | 0.014 |
  No | 55 (94.8%) | 56 (80.0%) |  |  |
Reporting barriers to healthcare* | Â | Â | ||
  Any | 33 (56.9%) | 48 (68.6%) | 0.61 (0.29 – 1.25) | 0.173 |
  None | 25 (43.1%) | 22 (31.4%) |  |  |