The aetiology and trajectory of anabolic-androgenic steroid use initiation: a systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research

Sagoe, Dominic; Andreassen, Cecilie Schou; Pallesen, Ståle

doi:10.1186/1747-597X-9-27

Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy

Table 1 Qualitative studies presenting data on AAS use initiation

From: The aetiology and trajectory of anabolic-androgenic steroid use initiation: a systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research

First author, year, reference	Country/countries	Study type	AAS user(s)	Recruitment site(s)/mode
Annitto 1980 [19]	USA	Interview	17-year-old male bodybuilder	Clinic
Bardick 2006 [20]	Canada	Interview	8 male weightlifters aged 21 to 35 years	Gymnasium
Bilard 2011 [21]	France	Interview	203 bodybuilders	Voluntary
Boyadjiev 2000 [22]	Bulgaria	Case study	20-year-old male bodybuilder	Clinic
Copeland 2000 [23] and Peters 1997 [24]	Australia	Interview and questionnaire^†	100 persons (6 female) aged 18 to 50 years	Gymnasium, sports shops and associations, syringe exchange centre, radio interviews, advertisements
Cornford 2014 [9]	England	Interview and focus group	30 males aged 20 to 40 years	Syringe exchange centre
Fudala 2003 [25]	USA	Interview	7 males aged 22 to 33 years	Gymnasium and community
Grogan 2006 [26]	England	Interview	11 bodybuilders (6 female) aged 20 to 39 years	Gymnasium
Gruber 1999 [27]	USA	Interview	5 female bodybuilders	Gymnasium
Hegazy 2013 [28]	USA	Case study	28-year-old male	Clinic
Joubert 2014 [7]	England	Interview	6 males aged 26 to 42 years	Addiction charity
Katz 1990 [29]	USA	Case study	23-year-old male bodybuilder	Gymnasium
Khorrami 2002 [30]	USA	Interview	2 male weightlifters aged 24 and 29 years	Voluntary
Kimergård 2014 [6, 8]	England and Wales	Interview	24 males aged 21 to 61 years; mean age 34 years	Gymnasium, prison, steroid clinic and charity, syringe exchange centre
Klötz 2010 [31]	Sweden	Interview	33 male prisoners aged 21 to 52 years	Prison
Korkia 1993 [12]	England, Scotland, and Wales	Interview	110 persons (13 female) aged 16 to 63 years	Gymnasium, clinic, syringe exchange centre
Korkia 1996 [13]	England	Interview and questionnaire^†	15 females; mean age 28 years	Not specified
Kusserow 1990 [32]	USA	Interview	72 (6 female) persons (mostly adolescents); 14 to 25 years; mean age 20 years	Not specified
Malone 1995 [33]	USA	Interview	77 (6 female) powerlifters and bodybuilders	Gymnasium
Maycock 2005 [34], 2007 [35]	Australia	Interview	42 males	Gymnasium, night club, community
McKillop 1987 [36]	Scotland	Interview	8 male bodybuilders aged 17 to 32 years	Gymnasium
Midgley 1999 [37]	England	Interview and questionnaire^†	50 male bodybuilders and weight trainers aged 17 to 46 years	Gymnasium and syringe exchange centre
Nøkleby 2013 [38]	Norway	Interview	9 male drug users aged 22 to 35 years	Clinic
O’Sullivan 2000 [39]	Australia	Interview	41 males aged 16 to 36 years	Clinic
Olrich 1999 [40]	USA	Interview	10 male weightlifters; 9 aged 18 to 35 years, 1 aged 57 years	Gymnasium
Pappa 2012 [41]	England	Interview	9 athletes aged 19 to 26 years	Community via snowball sampling
Petrocelli 2008 [42]	USA	Interview	37 male gym users aged 19 to 43 years	Gymnasium
Pope 1990 [43]	USA	Interview	3 male arrested weightlifters aged 23, 24, and 32 years	Justice system
Pope 1993 [44]	USA	Interview	55 bodybuilders; mean age 28 years; 3 bodybuilders; 19 years, 26 years, 27 years	Gymnasium
Pope 1996 [45]	USA	Case study	16-year-old male	Clinic
Pope 1996 [45]	USA	Interview	9 male prisoners	Prison
Rashid 2000 [14]	USA	Case study	40-year-old male	Clinic
Schwingel 2012 [46]	Brazil	Interview	147 male power sportspeople aged 18 to 42 years	Exercise laboratory
Scull 2013 [47]	USA	Interview	7 male strippers	Strip club
Skårberg 2007 [48]	Sweden	Interview and questionnaire^†	18 male drug users; mean age 35 years	Clinic
Skårberg 2008 [49]	Sweden	Interview	6 drug users (2 female)	Clinic
Skårberg 2009 [50] and 2007 [48]	Sweden	Interview and questionnaire^†	32 male drug users 18 male drug users; mean age 35 years	Clinic
Tallon 2007 [11]	Scotland	Interview and questionnaire^†	30 males aged 18 to 43 years; mean age 27 years	Gymnasium
Todd 1987 [51]	USA	Interview	2 persons (27-year-old female weightlifter; 1 former male NFL player)	Not specified
Vassalo 2010 [52]	USA	Interview	39 male athletes aged 18 to 35 years	Acquaintances
Walker 2011 [10]	England	Interview and questionnaire^†	41 males; 20 to 30 years (majority)	Syringe exchange centre
Wilson-Fearon 1999 [53]	England	Case study	29-year-old bodybuilder	Not specified

^†We relied on the qualitative results generated from the interview.

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ISSN: 1747-597X

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