Factors associated with disordered gambling in Finland

Table 3 Association between perceived health and well-being and subgroups of gamblers

	All gamblers	Non-problem gamblers	Problem gamblers	Pathological gamblers	X²test
	N = 3451	n = 3345	n = 67	n = 39
Perceived health/well-being	%	%	%	%
Feeling lonely					X² =27.509, df = 2, p ≤ 0.001
All the time/often	17.3	16.7	38.6	30.0
Never/very rarely/sometimes	82.7	83.3	61.4	70.0
Smoking					X² =57.468, df = 2, p ≤ 0.001
Daily smoking	19.9	18.8	48.6	47.5
Not at all/occasionally	80.1	81.2	51.4	52.5
Alcohol risk consumer, AUDIT-C
At risk	28.3	26.9	68.8	71.4	X² =86.394, df = 2, p ≤ 0.001
Not at risk	71.7	73.1	31.2	28.6
Mental health, MHI-5
Clinically significant problem	3.3	3.0	8.6	17.9	X² =33.024, df = 2, p ≤ 0.001
No problem	96.7	97.0	91.4	82.1
General health
Bad/somewhat bad	2.8	2.7	4.3	7.7	X² =17.159, df = 4, p = 0.005^†
Average	13.0	12.8	27.1	10.3
Good/somewhat good	84.2	84.5	68.6	82.0

AUDIT-C, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, score for risk consumption ≥5 among women and ≥6 among men; MHI-5, the Mental Health Inventory, scale 1–100, clinically significant problem ≤52. Significance (p) is determined by chi-squared (X²) test; the data were weighted based on gender, age and residency; ^†22,2% cells have expected count less than 5.

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