Table 4 Maternal and newborn outcomes

Breast Feeding, n (%) ^a

 Exclusive

12 (25.5)

7 (20.0)

 Combined

17 (36.2)

15 (42.9)

 Formula

18 (38.3)

13 (37.1)

0.78

 Missing

1

3

Mode of Delivery, n (%)^a

 Spontaneous Vaginal

30 (62.5)

25 (65.9)

 Assisted Vaginal

4 (8.3)

2 (5.3)

 Cesarean

14 (29.2)

11 (28.9)

0.85

Gestational Age at Delivery (weeks), mean (sd) ^b

38.0 (2.8)

38.0 (2.6)

0.37

Days in Hospital, mean (sd) ^b

28.7 (23.9)

29.3 (25.6)

0.39

Apgar Score < 7 @ 1 minute, n (%) ^c

10 (20.4)

8 (22.2)

1.00

Apgar Score < 7 @ 5 minute, n (%)^c

1 (2.0)

3 (8.3)

0.31

Missing

1

3

Birth Weight, mean (sd)^b

2985.7 (594.7)

3074.9 (557.1)

0.26

Birth Length, mean (sd) ^b

49.12 (5.1)

48.8 (4.3)

0.47

Head Circumference, mean (sd) ^b

33.3 (1.6)

33.9 (1.90)

0.22

Days to regain birth weight, mean (sd)^b

11.2 (4.7)

10.6 (3.9)

0.57

Days of treatment with morphine, mean (sd) ^b

2.7 (6.3)

2.8 (7.0)

0.97

Admitted to NICU, n (%)^c

19 (38.0)

11 (28.2)

0.37

Mother lost custody, n (%)^c

18 (36.7)

16 (44.4)

0.51

Symptoms of Neonatal Abstinence

 Syndrome (days), mean (sd) ^b

 High pitched cry

3.5 (5.0)

3.4 (6.1)

0.46

 Crying inconsolably

0.3 (0.9)

0.4 (1.1)

0.94

 Tremors/jitteriness when disturbed

8.6 (5.5)

8.7 (7.2)

0.58

 Tremors/jitteriness when undisturbed

1.8 (3.0)

1.5 (2.8)

0.68

 Abnormal muscle tone

5.0 (6.3)

5.7 (8.7)

0.61

 Disorganized sucking/swallowing

2.2 (4.5)

2.6 (5.8)

0.57

 Weak or absent suck

1.9 (3.8)

2.4 (5.3)

0.75

 Vomiting

0.2 (1.0)

0.3 (1.0)

0.69

 Loose, watery, or explosive stools

1.5 (3.5)

1.8 (3.0)

0.29