| Acupuncture n= 50 | Control n= 39 | P-value |
---|---|---|---|
Smoking, n (%) a | Â | Â | Â |
 Current | 44 (88.0) | 37 (94.9) | 0.50 |
 Former | 4 (8.0) | 1 (2.6) |  |
 Never | 2 (4.0) | 1 (2.6) |  |
Cigarettes per day, mean (sd) b | 13.0 (8.0) | 12.4 (5.6) | 0.83 |
Alcohol, n (%)a | Â | Â | Â |
 Daily | 2 (4.1) | 3 (7.7) | 0.52 |
 Weekly | 0 | 1 (2.0) |  |
 Sporadically during month | 8 (16.3) | 8 (20.5) |  |
 None | 39 (79.8) | 27 (69.2) |  |
Heroin, n (%)a | Â | Â | Â |
 Daily | 19 (38.0) | 14 (35.9) | 0.63 |
 Weekly | 2 (4.0) | 0 |  |
 Sporadically | 5 (10,0) | 4 (10.3) |  |
 None | 24 (48.0) | 21 (53.8) |  |
Methadone, n (%)a | Â | Â | Â |
 Daily | 21 (42.9) | 14 (35.9) | 0.61 |
 Weekly | 14 (28.8) | 15 (38.5) |  |
 None | 14 (28.6) | 10 (25.8) |  |
Other Opioid, n (%)a | Â | Â | Â |
 Daily | 2 (4.0) | 3 (7.7) | 0.74 |
 Sporadically | 1 (2.0) | 1 (2.8) |  |
 None | 47 (94.0) | 35 (89.7) |  |
Cocaine, n (%)a | Â | Â | Â |
 Daily | 12 (24.0) | 8 (20.5) | 0.86 |
 Weekly | 2 (4.0) | 2 (5.1) |  |
 Sporadically | 6 (12.0) | 3 (7.7) |  |
 None | 30 (60.0) | 26 (66.7) |  |
Crack, n (%)a | Â | Â | Â |
 Daily | 23 (46.0) | 15 (38.5) | 0.78 |
 Weekly | 1 (2.0) | 2 (5.1) |  |
 Sporadically | 8 (16.0) | 6 (15.4) |  |
 None | 18 (36.0) | 16 (41.0) |  |
Cannabis, n (%)a | Â | Â | Â |
 Daily | 2 (4.0) | 7 (17.9) | 0.08 |
 Weekly | 3 (6.0) | 0 |  |
 Sporadically | 8 (16.0) | 5 (12.8) |  |
 None | 37 (74.0) | 27 (69.2) |  |
Crystal Meth, n (%)a | Â | Â | Â |
 Daily | 4 (8.0) | 4 (10.3) | 0.96 |
 Weekly | 2 (4.0) | 1 (2.6) |  |
 Sporadically | 6 (12.0) | 4 (10.3) |  |
 None | 38 (76.0) | 30 (76.9) |  |
Benzodiazepine, n (%)a | Â | Â | Â |
 Daily | 0 | 3(7.7) | 0.14 |
 Sporadically | 3 (6.0) | 2 (5.1) |  |
 None | 47 (94.0) | 34 (87.2) |  |
Ecstasy, n (%)a | Â | Â | Â |
 Daily | 0 | 1 (2.8) | 0.52 |
 Sporadically | 3 (6.0) | 2 (5.1) |  |
 None | 47 (94.0) | 36 (82.3) |  |
Antidepressant, n (%)a | Â | Â | Â |
 Daily | 4 (8.2) | 2 (5.1) | 0.85 |
 Sporadically | 1 (2.0) | 1 (2.5) |  |
 None | 44 (89.8) | 36 (92.3) |  |
Methadone dose (mg), mean (sd) b (n=36,28) | Â | ||
 During pregnancy | 52.9 (49.7) | 49.2 (47.2) | 0.85 |
 Admission to hospital | 48.8 (50.6) | 40.0 (39.0) | 0.62 |
 At delivery | 58.1 (53.6) | 48.4 (50.4) | 0.45 |
 Gestational age when started (wks) | 14.8 (12.3) | 13.5 (13.2) | 0.42 |
Non-opioid users, n (%)a | 10 (20) | 11 (24.2) | 0.32 |
Use of substances when pregnant with other children, n (%)a | 22/38 (57.9) | 19/31 (61.3) | 0.78 |
Retained custody of at least one child, n (%)a | 19/36 (52.8) | 16/29 (55.2) | 0.85 |
Treatment Goal, n (%)a | Â | Â | Â |
 Abstinence | 36 (72.0) | 30 (76.9) | 0.57 |
 Decrease methadone | 13 (26.0) | 7 (17.9) |  |
 Decrease other drug | 0 | 1 (2.6) |  |
 No goal | 1 (2.0) | 1 (2.6) |  |