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Table 2 Associations between perceived stress and high frequency of alcohol consumption and with problem drinking in university freshmen from five European countries a

From: Are perceived stress, depressive symptoms and religiosity associated with alcohol consumption? A survey of freshmen university students across five European countries

 

High frequency of drinking

Problem drinking (CAGE > 2)

Wald+

df

p

OR (95%CI)

Wald+

df

p

OR (95%CI)

Perceived stress (per unit)1

0.06

1

0.809

1.01(0.96-1.07)

6.28

1

0.012

1.16(1.03-1.30)

Sex

        

Male

   

1

   

1

Female

56.45

1

<0.001

0.19(0.12-0.29)

39.12

1

<0.001

0.24(0.15-0.37)

Country

120.56

4

<0.001

 

22.39

4

<0.001

 

Bulgaria

   

1

   

1

Germany

4.32

1

0.038

0.76(0.59-0.99)

7.96

1

0.005

1.67(1.04-2.70)

Poland

26.45

1

<0.001

0.37(0.25-0.54)

0.34

1

0.563

2.25.(.17-28.99)

UK

53.25

1

<0.001

3.55(2.53-4.98)

0.05

1

0.824

0.98(0.08-11.59)

Slovakia

8.70

1

0.003

0.55(0.37-0.82)

16.19

1

<0.001

94.88(9.10-989.28)

Perceived income sufficiency (per one point change)2

4.27

1

0.039

1.02(1.00-1.03)

1.64

1

0.200

1.01(0.99-1.02)

Importance of religious faith (religiosity)3

        

Low

   

1

   

1

High

2.72

1

0.099

0.72(0.49-1.05)

2.32

1

0.128

0.73(0.49-1.09)

Interactions

        

Perceived stress * Bulgaria

   

N.S.

   

1

Perceived stress * Germany

   

N.S.

6.58

1

0.10

0.79(0.66-0.95)

Perceived stress * Poland

   

N.S.

0.49

1

0.482

0.93(0.76-1.14)

Perceived stress * UK

   

N.S.

0.24

1

0.625

1.05(0.85-1.29)

Perceived stress * Slovakia

   

N.S.

10.54

1

0.001

0.74(0.61-0.89)

Sex * importance of religious faith

12.65

1

<0.001

2.48(1.52-4.07)

5.15

1

0.023

1.86(1.08-3.17)

  1. a Findings from logistic regression models predicting high frequency of drinking and problem drinking, adjusted for all variables in the Table.
  2. + Wald chi-square test.
  3. N.S. – not significant.
  4. 1 Sum of four items scored from 0 to 4. Maximum of 16 indicates highest perceived stress.
  5. 2 “How sufficient is your income?” (1 = “totally sufficient” to 4 = “not sufficient at all”).
  6. 3 “My religion is very important for my life” (1 = “strongly disagree” to 5 = “strongly agree”. High importance of religious faith (religiosity) = values 4 and 5.