Being questioned and receiving advice about alcohol and smoking in health care: Associations with patients' characteristics, health behavior, and reported stage of change

Table 3 Odds ratio for people in different stages of change1 to have received questions and advice/help to reduce their alcohol consumption or to cease smoking using logistic regression models among patients who had visited health care during past 12 months.

	Does not intend to reduce/cease within 6 months	Intends to reduce/cease within 6 months	Intends to reduce/cease within a month	Reduced/ ceased less than 6 months ago	Reduced/ ceased 6-12 months Ago	Reduced/ ceased more than 12 months ago
	OR	OR	OR	OR	OR	OR	*n total*
Reduced alcohol consumption
Questions	1.0⁴	1.44	1.61	2.35***	2.13**	1.36*
n	1433	79	52	97	86	501	2248
Advice/help	1.0⁵	8.84***	18.2***	11.6***	12.0***	2.96**
Advice/help II	1.0⁶	1.0⁶	1.0⁶	6.29***	6.49***	1.60
n	1417	74	52	96	84	487	2210
Smoking cessation
Questions	1.0²	1.62*	0.58	1.23	0.64	0.49***
n	292	154	49	55	43	723	1316
Advice/help	1.0³	1.63*	0.52	0.76	0.54	0.05***
n	287	155	50	56	44	702	1294

* p < 0.05 ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.001 The significance level is given for each category contrasted against the average of the variable's all categories using Wald chi-square tests in logistic regression models.
¹ People who had never smoked were not addressed by the stage of change item and excluded from the modeling. Similarly, persons who drank less than a glass of alcohol during the last twelve months were not addressed by this stage of change item and therefore excluded from the alcohol model.
²The OR 1.0 in the reference group corresponds to a likelihood of 45.6 percent of having received questions.
³ The OR 1.0 in the reference group corresponds to a likelihood of 32.1 percent of having received advice/help.
⁴ The OR 1.0 in the reference group corresponds to a likelihood of 20.1 percent of having received questions.
⁵ The OR 1.0 in the reference group corresponds to a likelihood of 1.0 percent of having received advice/help.
⁶ Here the first three categories were collapsed and used as the reference category against which the other categories were contrasted. This was done in order to compare the odds for those who had decreased their consumption against the odds for all those who had not or only intended to decrease their consumption. The OR 1.0 in the collapsed reference group corresponds to a likelihood of 1.8 percent of having received advice/help.